苏联高等学校的教学原则

苏联高等学校教育学的任务在于:为了适应社会主义国家的要求在考虑科学、技术最新成就的基础上制定出高等学校里教学与教育工作的最有效的方法、方式和手段。高等学校教研室的教学与教学法工作是建立在各门课程的一定教学规律性的基础上,建立在高等学校的教学、教育原则的基础上的。高等学校的教师应该是本行科学知识领域里的专家,同时应该也是清楚了解高等学校教育学里的统一教学原则和善于运用这些原则的人。     

Relationships among professionals' knowledge, experience, and expectations regarding cochlear implants

THE PRESENT STUDY examined the relationships between teachers' and communication clinicians' self-reported knowledge on cochlear implants and their expectations of CIs. The authors also explored these professionals' views regarding the child's communication mode, educational setting, and social options following cochlear implantation. The participants were 47 teachers of deaf students and 35 communication clinicians. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the two groups in self-reported knowledge on CI. Both groups knew very little about mapping, costs, or insurance, and reported good knowledge about candidacy. Expectations from CIs were moderate to high, and were significantly related to respondents' knowledge and specific experience with CIs. Most professionals in both groups supported spoken-language communication, individual inclusion, and social exposure to children with normal hearing as well as to children with hearing impairments.     

教育与经济增长

本文首先回顾了近年来关于经济增长影响因素的文献,特别探讨了教育在其中的作用。然后,估计了一个关于增长的综合模型,并就其稳健性进行了跨国检验。最后,据此得出了政策性建议。     

如何为孩子制定有效的行为准则——推荐《做称职的父母》

这是一本教您怎样才能尽到父母应尽的责任的书,本刊摘编其中一章,希望通过讲述如何为孩子制定行为准则的观点,在家教实践方面给予您一定的启示。     

General population norms about child abuse and neglect and associations with childhood experiences

BACKGROUND: A variety of definitions of child abuse and neglect exist. However, little is known about norms in the general population as to what constitutes child abuse and neglect or how perceived norms may be related to personal experiences. METHODS: We conducted a random-digit-dialed telephone survey of 504 Washington State adults. Respondents were asked whether they believed each of 34 behaviors, identified in focus groups as possibly physically, sexually or emotionally abusive or neglectful, constituted abuse or neglect. Then, they were asked whether they had experienced 33 of the behaviors. RESULTS: Five of the six behaviors with the highest levels of consensus were for sexual abuse, whereas only one emotionally abusive behavior had a high level of consensus (95% agreement). Consensus that spanking constituted abuse increased with severity. Those respondents who reported experiencing a particular behavior were significantly less likely to believe the behavior abusive for 11 of the 33 behaviors and more likely to believe the behavior abusive for two of the behaviors. Where comparisons were possible, there was a high level of consensus that behaviors identified as abusive in Child Protective Service operational definitions constituted abuse. CONCLUSIONS: Self-reported childhood experiences were associated with perceived norms about child abuse. A better understanding of community norms about child abuse and neglect may be helpful in communicating with the public or allow for better targeting of educational messages through the media, parenting education classes, and so forth.     

“亲爱的读者”和“无聊的作者”——乔伊斯在《为芬尼根守灵》中对读者的直呼

自中世纪以来没有一部重要文学作品象乔伊斯的《为芬尼根守灵》(以下简称《守灵》译者注)那样令读者望而却步.意识到理解该书文本的难度,乔伊斯希望并真诚期待苦于理想失眠症的理想读者愿意拿出足够的时间来欣赏本书关大脑在夜间的活动情况(正如《尤里西斯》把注意力放在白大的意识流上一样).与十八世纪小说家如出一辙,乔伊斯在《守灵》中频频直呼其读者——建议、哄骗、嘲弄这些忙忙碌碌的失眠者.这是该书获得较少注意的重要方面.从整体上看,乔伊斯与读者的对话象是一本有趣的善意的阅读指南,对《守     

如何避免审稿人的大斧

本文是发表在IEEE／ASME J MEMS的一篇关于如何撰写科技论文的文章。作者Stephen D．Senturia(MIT电子系教授)从自己作为论文作者和审稿人双重角色的经验出发,对如何撰写科技论文发表了一些非常中肯也非常重要的建议。