Einstein, race, and the myth of the cultural icon

The most remarkable aspect of Einstein's 1946 address at Lincoln University is that it has vanished from Einstein's recorded history. Its disappearance into a historical black hole symbolizes what seems to happen in the creation of a cultural icon. It is but one of many political statements by Einstein to have met such a fate, though his civil rights activism is most glaringly missing. One explanation for this historical amnesia is that those who shape our official memories felt that Einstein's "controversial" friends like Paul Robeson and activities like co-chairing the anti-lynching crusade might tarnish Einstein as an icon. That icon, sanctified by Time magazine when it dubbed Einstein "Person of the Century" at the end of 1999, is a myth, albeit a marvelous one. Yet it is not so much the motive for the omission but the consequence of it that should concern us. Americans and the millions of Einstein fans around the world are left unaware that he was an outspoken, passionate, committed antiracist.     

Personality and Functional Specialty Preference of Prospective Counselor Educators

This study examined the personality needs of doctoral students in counselor education who preferred functional specialties as administrators or practitioners. The sample consisted of doctoral students in counselor education at 20 southern universities. Achievement, dominance, order, and social recognition needs, as measured by the Personality Research Form (PRF), were found to differentiate between the groups.     

Family systems theory and school psychology: Implications for training and practice

The purpose of this article is to: (a) present an overview of family systems perspectives as they relate to the functioning of the school psychologist, (b) review briefly current available levels of family intervention, and (c) present guidelines for training school psychologists in family dynamics and family therapy. The position is taken that a family systems approach is complex and necessitates extensive coursework in family theory and therapy approaches, practica, and field supervision. As a result, while a family systems perspective is essential, family therapy will not in all probability be standard in entry level training programs, but should be a specialty level or doctoral level option.     

Low-complexity multiplexer-based normal basis multiplier over GF(2m)

We present a new normal basis multiplication scheme using a multiplexer-based algorithm. In this algorithm, the proposed multiplier processes in parallel and has a multiplexer-based structure that uses MUX and XOR gates instead of AND and XOR gates. We show that our multiplier for type-1 and type-2 normal bases saves about 8% and 16%, respectively, in space complexity as compared to existing normal basis multipliers. Finally, the proposed architecture has regular and modular configurations and is well suited to VLSI implementations.     

The promise and reality of formative assessment practice in a continuous assessment scheme: the case of Trinidad and Tobago

Continuous Assessment (CA) systems are externally directed, curriculum-based assessment schemes used for both summative and formative purposes within classrooms. CA has been implemented as national policy in several postcolonial developing countries and is believed to hold great promise for improving education outcomes. This theory-driven evaluation (TDE) used a mixed methods research design to interrogate the nature of CA practice. The focus was on stakeholders’ understanding and practice of formative assessment in the CA Programme (CAP) of Trinidad and Tobago. The integrated findings suggest that the programme planners’ formative intent was often not fulfilled. Instead, teachers routinely recorded assessment marks without using the data. There is evidence that formative assessment practice was not congruent with teachers’ pedagogical beliefs and practices. Although the design of CA schemes suggests the possibility of synergy between formative and summative purposes, in reality this ideal is rarely achieved in these particular contexts.     

Autonomous optimal coordination scheme in protection system of power distribution network by using multi-agent concept

A protection system using a multi-agent concept for power distribution networks is pro- posed. Every digital over current relay(OCR) is developed as an agent by adding its own intelli- gence, self-tuning and communication ability. The main advantage of the multi-agent concept is that a group of agents work together to achieve a global goal which is beyond the ability of each individual agent. In order to cope with frequent changes in the network operation condition and faults, an OCR agent, proposed in this paper, is able to detect a fault or a change in the network and find its optimal parameters for protection in an autonomous manner considering information of the whole network obtained by communication between other agents.Through this kind of coordi- nation and information exchanges, not only a local but also a global protective scheme is com- pleted. Simulations in a simple distribution network show the effectiveness of the proposed protec- tion system.     

Temperament and Craniofacial Variation in the First Two Years

High levels of circulating glucocorticoids in fetal animals are associated with inhibited development of the lateral processes of the maxilla, or upper jaw, as these bones grow toward midline union early in gestation. This inhibition can prevent fusion and lead to the formation of cleft palate. Mouse strains are differentially susceptible to this effect. These strains also differ in behavioral and physiological characteristics that are analogous to those we have observed in 2 temperamental groups of children, analogies that prompted the current study. Infant temperament was assessed using behavioral observation at 4 months, and the ratio of upper facial width (bizygomatic breadth across the cheekbones) to height of the head and face was measured at 14 and 21 months. High reactive 4-month-old infants, who are predisposed to becoming timid, inhibited toddlers, had smaller bizygomatic ratios (narrower faces) at both 14 and 21 months compared to their low reactive peers, who are predisposed to becoming outgoing, uninhibited children. Differences in facial width were modest though significant and not attributable to overall stature.     

The Limits of Theory in Art Education

The last forty years have seen substantial and dramatic changes in the thinking about education in art. Changes have taken place in art itself and there have been incredible social, political and economic upheavals. All this has led to an enlarged view of art education. It has given rise to the need for greater dialogue and debate. In more recent years, there have been more concentrated and focussed efforts to establish art curricula and standards of accomplishment for art education. In England, there has been the introduction of the National Curriculum and in the USA there has been the development of the National Standards for Arts Education. In both countries there have been numerous efforts at national or state, local and school levels aimed at assessing what students’ `know and are able to do’ in the arts. The role of theory in art education is of some importance. It is through theory that a systematic accounting can be constructed that explains and makes consistent the individual critiques of what is going on in classrooms, schools, committees and the nation-at-large. The paper discusses developments in England and the United States with regard to the theoretical development of curricula and the means for evaluation in art education. It also outlines and discusses the `limits of theory in art education’. It is not opposed to theory; rather it is posited that preoccupations with theory should not over-ride the importance of maintaining a multiplicity of competing (or emerging) meanings. It is argued that theories should inform and illuminate actions rather than place arbitrary limits upon them.