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981.
982.
983.
The debate about whether the arts should be supported or not is far from new, and most governments support the arts in one
way or the other. The literature considers several arguments in favor of such interventions. Public education may seem to
be an action which could, in the long run, lead to possible reductions of subsidies. Surveys show that those who have been
exposed to the arts when young participate more when adult. However, the “non-market” transmission from parents to children
generates an external effect, which has to be taken into account to reach first-best situations. We construct an overlapping
generations model in which young consumers are exposed to both public education toward the arts and to non-altruistic transmission
of such a taste from their parents. We show that the first-best can be reached only if there is both public cultural education
and subsidization of arts consumption. Therefore, education cannot be considered as a substitute for subsidies to arts consumption.
However, as is often the case in European countries, government intervention is usually below the first-best level. Using
a model calibrated on French data, we show that it is then preferable to subsidize education, while consumption, especially
of the older generations, should be taxed rather than subsidized.
相似文献
Luc ChamparnaudEmail: |
984.
985.
986.
Using data on the ‘career’ paths of one thousand ‘leading scientists’ from 1450 to 1900, what is conventionally called the
‘rise of modern science’ is mapped as a changing geography of scientific practice in urban networks. Four distinctive networks
of scientific practice are identified. A primate network centred on Padua and central and northern Italy in the sixteenth
century expands across the Alps to become a polycentric network in the seventeenth century, which in turn dissipates into
a weak polycentric network in the eighteenth century. The nineteenth century marks a huge change of scale as a primate network
centred on Berlin and dominated by German-speaking universities. These geographies are interpreted as core-producing processes
in Wallerstein’s modern world-system; the rise of modern scientific practice is central to the development of structures of
knowledge that relate to, but do not mirror, material changes in the system.
相似文献
David M. EvansEmail: |
987.
988.
In the present article an attempt is made to elucidate the organic colorants commonly encountered in the Russian avant-garde painting palette by a combined art historical, documentary and physicochemical investigation, and to examine the influence of environmental factors on the chromatic profile originally sought by the artist. The overall approach based on written sources is confirmed by measurements on relevant paintings. The documentary research deals with the influences of Orthodox iconography, folkloric art, and occidental modernist tendencies on the Russian avant-garde palette, and studies the effects of contradictory historical processes in the chromatic profile of individual paintings. In the experimental section a series of colorants are investigated concerning the effects of accelerated ageing on experimental painting tables, prepared as watercolor and gouache layers on paper ground. The resulting samples are subjected to colorimetric and spectroscopic measurements, and analogous analytical procedures are applied on samples taken from selected paintings. A systematic comparative study of all data permits evaluation of the materials used in terms of their stability towards extrinsic factors, and proposal of degradation routes in order to assist museum curators and conservators in every concrete case related to the broad spectrum of pigments examined. 相似文献
989.
In the present study, we examined the performance environment of the England youth soccer teams. Using a semi-structured protocol with a prospective sample, national coaches (n = 6), sport scientists (n = 3), and players (n = 4) were interviewed directly following international tournaments about the factors that positively and negatively influenced performance. Qualitative content analysis revealed the following factors as major positive influences on performance: adhering to a consistent tournament strategy, player understanding, strong team cohesion, organized entertainment activities, detailed knowledge of opposition, an effective physical rest/recovery strategy, and previous tournament experience. Major factors perceived to have negatively influenced performance included: over-coaching, player boredom, player anxiety, physical superiority of the opposition, physical fatigue over the tournament, problems sleeping, and lack of information on the opposition. Eight overall dimensions emerged to describe the performance environment: planning and organization, physical environment, tactical factors, development and performance philosophy, psychological factors, physical factors, social factors, and coaching. The findings support recent work that suggests the performance environment is multifaceted, with performance being contingent upon a broad range of interacting factors that go beyond the traditional psychosocial and physical domains. 相似文献
990.
Despite the lack of a clear definition of the concept, “cultural diversity” has remained a core issue for more than a decade
(WTO, UNESCO, etc.). The aim of this paper is to begin to fill this gap. We argue that cultural diversity is a multi-dimensional
concept and that accurate metrics must rely on three criteria: variety, balance and disparity. We also stress that supplied
and consumed diversity have to be distinguished. We apply this set of multiple measures of diversity to publishing data for
France over the period 1990–2003. Our main result is that the situation of the publishing industry in terms of cultural diversity
is highly dependent on the dimension considered. Hence, diversity increases when variety is the sole consideration, whereas
taking balance or disparity into account leads to the opposite conclusion. This issue raises a series of questions about the
use of diversity measures in a policy debate concerned with furthering cultural diversity.
相似文献
Stéphanie PeltierEmail: |