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What are secondary school teachers' views on testing and grading practices? What clusters of opinions can be categorized as ‘flexible,”“opposed to difficult testing,” or “hard-nosed?” How should the use of test results for grading be treated in teacher in-service training programs? 相似文献
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Summary The contention that evaluation and supervision is the primary process in today's schools by which instructional excellence is achieved and maintained (Pajak's 1990) is wishful thinking. Rather, this characterization is dead wrong. Teacher evaluation has lost or never had a purpose. It has become perfunctory. Little energy is invested, and the teacher receives little if any constructive feedback for improvement. In too many districts, the only reason for complying is to meet state requirements.Teachers in many cases have good reasons for holding evaluation and supervision in contempt. Evaluations have not been helpful, evaluators are not adequately trained in curriculum and instruction, and feedback is either absent or of low quality. Most serious of all, they do not result in instructional improvement. Failure to provide accurate feedback accompanied by substantive and practical suggestions for improvement closes the door to improvement and enhanced internal motivation. This abrogation of duty is malpractice in its worst form. Educators thrive on success in accomplishing their number one goal-helping people learn. Successful supervision and evaluation programs are designed to capitalize on powerful internal motivators, resulting in improved performance and higher personal satisfaction. 相似文献
195.
Research in the last ten to fifteen years has provided a strong knowledge base for understanding how children learn to read and write in naturally developing ways. *These findings and conclusions are drawn from the wealth of early literacy research. The research provides a keener understanding of how the learning environment contributes enabling children to construct their own personally meaningful rule systems for making written language work for them, even at very young ages.Stevie Hoffman is Professor of Early Childhood Education in the Department of Curriculum and Instruction, and Larry Kantner is Professor in the Departments of Curriculum and Instruction and Fine Arts, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO. 相似文献
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Journal of Science Teacher Education - 相似文献
198.
Present instructional trends in science indicate a need to reexamine a traditional concern in science education: the readability of science textbooks. An area of reading research not well documented is the effect of color, visuals, and page layout on readability of science materials. Using the cloze readability method, the present study explored the relationships between page format, grade level, sex, content, and elementary school students ability to read science material. Significant relationships were found between cloze scores and both grade level and content, and there was a significant interaction effect between grade and sex in favor of older males. No significant relationships could be attributed to page format and sex. In the area of science content, biological materials were most difficult in terms of readability followed by earth science and physical science. Grade level data indicated that grade five materials were more difficult for that level than either grade four or grade six materials were for students at each respective level. In eight of nine cases, the science text materials would be classified at or near the frustration level of readability. The implications for textbook writers and publishers are that science reading materials need to be produced with greater attention to readability and known design principles regarding visual supplements. The implication for teachers is that students need direct instruction in using visual materials to increase their learning from text material. Present visual materials appear to neither help nor hinder the student to gain information from text material. 相似文献
199.
Social Class Effects on Northeastern Brazilian Children's Conceptions of Areas of Personal Choice and Social Regulation 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:6
2 studies examined middle- and lower-class Brazilian children's concepts of personal choice and social regulation. In Study 1, interviews of 40 middle- and lower-class children (9 and 15 years old) revealed that children across classes distinguished moral from conventional issues on the bases of rule contingency and act generalizability criteria. Lower-class children, however, were less likely to view conventions as rule contingent and more likely to generalize conventional acts. In Study 2, interviews of 240 middle- and lower-class children (ages 8, 12, 16 years) found that across classes, children distinguished prudential issues from matters they treated as personal. Prudential issues were seen as subject to parental authority. Middle-class children were more likely to treat personal issues as matters of choice. With age, lower-class children increasingly tended to treat personal items as matters of choice, and by adolescence there were no class differences. Findings show that Brazilian children maintain a heterogeneous orientation to rules and authority which includes a domain of personal choice. Class differences indicate that hierarchical social structures affect children's sense of autonomy. However, developmental effects indicate that a domain of personal choice emerges among children across social classes. 相似文献
200.
Shaun Michael Burns Larry H. Ludlow 《Journal of Personnel Evaluation in Education》2005,18(2):127-138
Institutions of higher learning employ compulsory attendance policies with the expectation that these mandates enhance students' academic performance and perceptions of course quality. However, numerous empirical investigations demonstrate equivocal and often contradictory findings regarding the relationship between attendance and various markers of student achievement. The present investigation extends this research by exploring the utility of student ratings of the need to attend class in predicting their perceptions of teaching excellence after controlling for class size, instructor availability, and small-group interactions. As hypothesized, ratings of the need to attend predicted excellence while accounting for a significant 5.3% of the variance. Discussion and conclusions highlight the utility of class attendance in understanding students' evaluations of teaching and course quality. 相似文献