Understanding the Role of Neuroscience in Brain Based Products: A Guide for Educators and Consumers

The term brain based is often used to describe learning theories, principles, and products. Although there have been calls urging educators to be cautious in interpreting and using such material, consumers may find it challenging to understand the role of the brain and to discriminate among brain based products to determine which would be suitable for specific educational goals. We offer a framework for differentiating the multiple meanings of the brain based label and guidelines for educators and consumers to use when evaluating educational products labeled as brain based. The guidelines include: identifying educational goals and target student populations, aligning goals and product purposes, reviewing product merits, identifying benefits and limitations of the product, and characterizing the product's impact on behavioral performance.     

Admiration for virtue: Neuroscientific perspectives on a motivating emotion

Social emotions like admiration for another person’s virtue are often associated with a desire to be virtuous one’s self, and to engage in meaningful and socially relevant activities against any odds (Haidt & Seder, 2007). These emotions can profoundly inspire us, sometimes motivating our most significant life-course decisions. Yet despite the cognitive maturity and complexity of knowledge required to induce an emotion like admiration for virtue, our recent study of the brain and psychophysiological correlates of experiencing this emotion revealed significant involvement of low-level brain systems responsible for the feeling of the gut and the maintenance of basic life regulation (Immordino-Yang, McColl, Damasio, & Damasio, 2009). These findings contribute an interesting jumping-off point for reexamining the educational study of motivation states because they suggest that, contrary to current conceptions in educational research, nonconscious, low-level physiological processes related to survival and bodily sensation may be critical contributors to intrinsic motivation.     

Shifting hegemony in ‘a man’s world’: incremental change for female golf professional employment

There is much evidence to suggest that the golf environment is unequal in terms of gender. This study puts this to the test by focusing on female golf professionals’ understanding of the barriers and opportunities to employment in the golf industry. Data were collected through a series of focus groups, interviews (n = 17) and a survey (n = 95) with female PGA professionals and trainee PGA professionals in Great Britain and Ireland, over half of whom indicated coaching as their primary employment role. At the time of data collection female PGA golf professionals made up less than 3% of all PGA professionals in Britain and Ireland. The data revealed some clear differences between older and younger respondents on barriers to, and opportunities for, employment in the golf industry. On the whole, younger professionals appeared more willing to challenge, discuss and confront the underlying discrimination. The results suggest that golf is undergoing an incremental change away from male hegemony.     

Daps,Dykes and Five Mile Hikes: Physical Education in Pupils' Folklore

abstract

This paper explores the relationship between the school and the body. It does so by considering the transfer from primary to secondary school. Analysing children's and young adult's stories about transfer reveals that physical education (PE), and more generally the body, are central to pupils’ anticipations and anxieties about the move to secondary school. The paper argues that the fears pupils express about the dangers associated with secondary school PE should be placed within the context of the transition to adulthood. Secondary school PE is an integral part of the status passage to adulthood, during which the recognition of the body as physical, social and sexual is central.

     

Cytokine responses to resistance training in people with multiple sclerosis

Exercise for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) has been shown to improve cardiovascular function, increase strength and endurance, and reduce fatigue. The impact of exercise on immune function in the disease, however, remains mostly unexplored. Ten female MS patients participated in an 8 week programme of twice-weekly progressive resistance training, with pre- and post-training assessment of serum concentrations of cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, CRP, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma. After training, IL-4, IL-10, CRP and IFN-gamma showed statistically reduced resting concentrations in blood, while TNF-alpha showed non-significant reductions and IL-2 and IL-6 remained unchanged. These results suggest that progressive resistance training may have an impact on cytokine concentrations in individuals with MS and should be confirmed in studies with stronger statistical power. The impact of these changes on overall immune function in MS and on disease status and prognosis remains to be determined.     

First catch your indexer*

Indexes are essential for many learned publications, yet often overlooked because those responsible for the publications do not realize the value of an index or know how to commission one. This article provides basic guidelines for coping with indexes.     

Interpretations of Independent Learning in the Early Years Interpre´tations de l'Apprentissage Inde´pendant dans le Secteur des Tre ¤ s Jeunes Enfants Interpretaciones del Aprendizaje Independiente en la Edad Infantil Temprana

There is currently widespread interest in fostering 'independent learning' among young children. This paper reports research concerned with ways in which teachers, parents and young children themselves perceive and interpret this notion and how these perceptions influence classroom practice and planning for children's learning in the first few years of schooling. The research used structured interviews with 48 children aged between 3 and 7 years in nursery, reception, Year 1 and Year 2 classes and self-completion questionnaires with their parents and teachers. The main findings suggest that children's abilities to think and act independently are underestimated by teachers, particularly children at the older end of the age range under study. Children were found to become more teacher dependent, rather than less, during the first few years in school. A tension emerged between teachers' intention to foster independence and the constraints of the social, organisational and curricular context of early years classrooms. Actuellement l'encouragement de l'apprentissage indépendant chez les jeunes enfants est d'un intérêt répandu. Cette étude se concerne des perceptions et des interprétations de cette notion de la part des enseignants, des parents et des enfants eux-mêmes, ainsi que les effets de ces perceptions sur le programme des activités en classe pendant les premières années scolaires. Les recherches consistent en des intervues avec 48 enfants âgés de 3 à 7 ans dans les classes maternelles, 'réception' et de la 1ère et 2e années. Les parents et les enseignants de ces enfants ont rempli individuellement des questionnaires. Les résultats principaux suggèrent que la capabilité des enfants d'apprendre et de se conduire indépendamment est sérieusement sous-estimée par leurs enseignants, en particulier chez les enfants dans le secteur le plus âgé des élèves étudiés. On a trouvé que les enfants deviennent plus, plutôt que moins, dépendants des adultes au cours des premières années scolaires. Une tension se développe entre les intentions des enseignants d'encourager l'indépendance et les contraintes imposées sur les classes des plus jeunes enfants par les neécessités de la société, de l'organisation de l'école et du programme d'études. Actualmente existe un interés amplio en fomentar el 'aprendizaje independiente' entre los niños pequeños. Este artículo presenta investigación referida a la manera en que profesores, padres y los mismos niños pequeños perciben e interpretan este concepto, y cómo esta percepción influye en la practica pedagógica y en el planeamiento para el aprendizaje de niños en los primeros años escolares. La investigación fue realizada a través de entrevistas estructuradas con 48 niños de 3 a 7 años de edad en guarderías, 'recepción', y los años 1ro y 2do y por medio de cuestionarios individuales a sus padres y profesores. Las conclusiones principales sugieren que las abilidades de los niños para pensar y actuar de manera independiente son subestimadas por sus profesores, particularmente en el caso de los niños en la edad mayor de la escala estudiada. Se encontróque, en vez de menos, los niños se volvían mas dependientes de los profesores en los primeros años escolares. Un conflicto surgióentre la intención de los profesores de estimular la independencia y las limitaciones del contexto social, organizativo y curricular de las clases de los primeros años.     

Book Reviews

Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians and Publishers by Carol Tenopir and Donald W. King. Washington, DC: SLA Publishing, 2000 Science Editing and Information Management edited by Connie J. Manson. USA: Geoscience Information Society, 1999. Pp. 118. Paperback, $25.00. ISBN 0‐934485‐30‐5 Futurize Your Enterprise: Business Strategy in the Age of the E‐Customer by David Siegel. Chichester: Wiley, 1999. Hardback, £19.50, ISBN 0‐471‐357634 The Impact of Electronic Publishing on the Academic Community (the Wenner–Gren International Series, Volume 73) edited by I. Butterworth. London: Portland Press 1998, Pp. 191. Price £75. ISBN 1‐85578‐122‐0 University Library Spending on Books and Journals: A Major Concern by Peter Sowden. Available from CAPP at the Publishers Association (1 Kingsway, London WC2B 6XF)