融合教育在香港的持续发展——兼论特殊学校的角色转变

融合教育的推行 ,静静地改变着香港学校教育的生态。融合教育是西方发达国家的教育产物 ,通过国际组织的策动而扩散。它是一个建基於人权和平等观念 ,强调尊重差异的教育发展方案 ,但也是一种知易行难的办学手段。本文试图理顺融合教育的基本观念 ,认识它的运作元素和讨论它的实践问题。藉着回顾一些国际和本地的研究发现和发展经验 ,作者还希望为融合教育的持续发展提供意见在天赋的“异”中求人的“同” ,是融合教育需要不断面对的挑战     

Investigatory behavior inthe plains garter snake (Thamnophis radix) and several additional species

Garter snakes (Thamnophis radix), hognose snakes (Heterodon platyrhinos), and rattlesnakes (Crotalus species) flick their tongues and crawl about in an open field containing no food or sexual (i.e., reproductive) odors. As Experiment I shows, the taxa differ reliably in both rate of tongue flicking and rate of locomotion. In Experiment II, garter snakes (Thamnophis radix) placed into an open field for 5 min showed more tongue flicking than snakes that were handled and placed directly back into their home cages, indicating that the first group was exploring the apparatus rather than responding only to handling. During Minutes 3 through 5 (Experiment III) in the open field, garter snakes emitted fewer tongue flicks than they did during the first minute, and after 20 min, the rate of tongue flicking was virtually zero. However, snakes were capable of responding to presentation of new objects and/or odors, indicating that the previous response decrement was not derived from effector fatigue but rather from some habituatory process. Experiment IV revealed that satiated snakes habituated more rapidly than hungry snakes during exploration of the open field. Hence, exploratory behavior in these snakes is at least partially under the control of the same factors which mediate food-related appetitive activities.     

Connectivity for Showing and Saying Across Differences in Art Education

This paper attempts to redress the current preoccupation with the idea of difference for structuring art curricula by reclaiming connectivity for realising value and strategic intelligence in art. In doing so, it makes use of the diverse role narrative plays in culture to establish a rationale for future art curricula, so that myth and mythic artistic methods that reconcile us to the world are given priority over the more recent preference for art to be subversive, like parable. This more complex analysis of the way story informs cultural activity is used to contrast with Efland, Freedman and Stuhr's oversimplified use of narrative that neglects the importance of myth and its equivalent in procedural knowledge for understanding and making durable art. An alternative approach to structuring the art curriculum is mapped out that gives priority to connectivity (myth) over difference (parable) by drawing on meta‐narratives over‐looked in postmodern thought.     

信息时代中的青少年德育

在华人社会,道德教育一直以来都是教育最基本的组成部分,因为培养有道德的人是教育的首要任务。道德教育的实施,其实是培植那些反映道德标准的价值观。然而,信息时代的出现及充斥在互联网上的大量信息,已改变了教育的方式,并向传统的道德教育发出挑战。在这一背景下,我们建议中国的教育工作者应寻求实践道德教育的新途径,以迎接网络世界的出现。崇高空洞的道德标准应让位给简洁易懂的观念,比如“尊重”。我们应该积极的去探索“网络世界”中的信息和观念,而不是一味的避免。有启发性和适切的道德教育应建基于儿童和青少年的发展需要和真正兴趣之上。华人社会的德育工作者,包括学校教师,家长,非正式教育的组织者,都应共同努力去了解虚拟的网络世界,并设计出可行的方法来适应新形势下的教育需要。     

Mentor Advice Giving in an Alternative Certification Program for Secondary Science Teaching: Opportunities and Roadblocks in Developing a Knowledge Base for Teaching

Mentoring is often an important component of alternative certification programs, yet little is known about what novices learn about science teaching through mentoring relationships. This study investigated the advice given by two mentor science teachers to their protégés. Findings indicate that mentors gave more advice related to general pedagogical knowledge than science-specific pedagogical content knowledge. Specifically, there was little to no advice related to the topics of inquiry, the nature of science, or the development of scientific literacy. Implications call for an increase in communication between university teacher education programs and school-based mentors, the development of benchmarks to help guide mentor–protégé interactions, and the importance of a multiyear induction process.     

Age difference and face-saving in an inter-generational problem-based learning group

This study used grounded theory methodology to investigate whether learning in a problem-based learning (PBL) group was influenced by student demographic diversity. Data comprised observations, in the form of video footage, of one first-year PBL group carried out over the period of an academic year, along with student interviews. Using the concepts of ‘face’ and face-threatening acts to critically explore student interactions, it appeared that inter-generational issues could reflect and create positions of power. At interview, all individuals constructed themselves as similar to or different from others in the group first and foremost by age, suggesting this is a primary concern for students. The data also highlighted many occasions, linked to generational difference, where students failed to share knowledge and experiences or to engage critically in deep exploratory learning. This finding has not been reported previously in the PBL literature.     

Adult literacy policy and provision in an age of austerity

Against a background of growing concern for the large numbers of semiliterate or completely illiterate school leavers and adults in the industrialized countries, this article examines four key aspects necessary for gauging a nation's response to the problem of adult illiteracy. The four aspects — awareness raising, high-level national commitment, resource allocation, and range and extent of in-school and out-of-school basic education/literacy provision — are analyzed with particular reference to the United Kingdom, the United States, France and Canada.The article indicates that, in a period of economic austerity when education budgets are being cut, provision for adult literacy and for remedial classes in school is one of the first areas to be sacrificed. The article ends on a pessimistic note with respect to the implementation of a Right to Read charter in all industrialized countries.

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Zusammenfassung Vor dem Hintergrund wachsender Sorge über die große Anzahl von halb alphabetisierten oder gänzlich analphabetischen Schulabgängern und Erwachsenen in Industrieländern, untersucht dieser Artikel vier Hauptgesichtspunkte, die zur Einschätzung auf die Reaktion einer Nation in Bezug auf das Problem des Analphabetismus Erwachsener notwendig sind. Die vier Gesichtspunkte — die Steigerung des Problembewußtseins, nationale Verpflichtung auf höchster Ebene, die Verteilung der Ressourcen und schließlich Ausmaß und Umfang der schulischen und außerschulischen Grunderziehungs- Alphabetisierungsvorkehrungen — werden besonders im Hinblick auf Großbritannien, die Vereinigten Staaten, Frankreich und Kanada untersucht.Es wird darauf hingewiesen, daß in Zeiten wirtschaftlicher Einschränkungen, bei denen die Budgets im Bildungsbereich gekürzt werden, die Vorkehrung für Alphabetisierungs-und Förderklassen an Schulen zu den ersten gehört, die dem Rotstift zum Opfer fällt. Im Hinblick auf die Anwendung einer Charta über das Recht auf Lesen in Industrieländern schließt der Artikel mit einem pessimistischen Ausblick.

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Résumé Face à la préoccupation croissante quant à l'existence d'un nombre élévé de personnes semi-alphabètes ou totalement analphabètes parmi les jeunes ayant quitté l'école et les adultes dans les pays industrialisés, cet article examine quatre aspects fondamentaux, nécessaires pour mésurer la réponse nationale au problème d'illetrisme des adultes. Les quatre aspects — l'éveil de la prise de conscience, l'engagement national des autorités à l'échelon supérieur, l'allocation de ressources, et l'importance et l'étendue de l'offre scolaire et extra-scolaire d'alphabétisation/d'éducation de base — sont analysés avec référence spéciale aux cas du Royaume-Uni, des Etats Unis, de la France et du Canada.L'article indique qu'en période d'austerité économique au moment où les budgets alloués à l'éducation sont réduits, l'offre relative à l'éducation des adultes et les cours de rattrapage dans les écoles sont parmi les premiers secteurs à être sacrifiés. Cet article se termine sur une note pessimiste relative à la mise en oeuvre de la charte du droit de lire instituée dans tous les pays industrialisés.

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This is a revised version of a paper presented to the Adult Literacy Policy and Practice Panels of the 30th Aniversary Meeting of the CIES, Toronto, 13–16 March, 1986. The ideas expressed in this paper are solely the responsibility of the writer and in no way reflect those of the organization with which she is employed.