浅析德国经典大学理念在近代中国的传入与影响

19世纪末,以教育强国的德国进入国人视野,大批中国学生留学德国及西方其他国家学习先进思想理念.20世纪初,蔡元培留学德国,回国后以"教授治校"学术自由"经济独立"思想理念主掌北京大学,使之在近代中国大学中独领风骚,时至今日,余音未绝.蔡元培在北京大学的改革充分体现了德国经典大学理念在近代中国的传入与影响.德国经典大学理念的核心是:以"寂寞"和"自由"为基础,追求纯粹的科学研究和修养自身个性,不为外在"物欲"所动,在学习中达到一种"超我"的境界,从而服务于国家发展.     

A Conceptual Change Teaching Strategy to Facilitate High School Students' Understanding of Electrochemistry

Recent research in chemistry education has shown an increasing interest in the facilitation of conceptual change in student understanding of chemical concepts. Most of the studies have tried to show the difference in student performance on algorithmic and conceptual problems. The objective of this study is to go beyond and design a teaching strategy based on two teaching experiments that could facilitate students' conceptual understanding of electrochemistry. The study is based on two sections (control, n = 29; experimental, n = 28) of 10th grade high school students at a public school in Venezuela. Experimental group participated in two teaching experiments designed to generate situations/experiences in which students are forced to grapple with alternative responses leading to cognitive conflicts/contradictions. Results obtained show that learning electrochemistry involves both algorithmic and conceptual problems. On Posttest 1, 93% of the experimental group students responded correctly, in contrast to 39% of the control group. On Posttest 2, 39% of the experimental group responded correctly, in contrast to 0% of the Control group. The difference in performance on both posttests is statistically significant (p < 0.001). It is concluded that the teaching experiments facilitated students' understanding (progressive transitions) of electrochemistry.     

镜像服务器在我馆的应用

本文论述了镜像服务器的功能和特点,并介绍了其在本馆电子阅览室中的应用及使用方法。     

Emotion recognition in fathers and mothers at high-risk for child physical abuse

Objective

The present study was designed to determine whether parents at high risk for physical child abuse, in comparison with parents at low risk, show deficits in emotion recognition, as well as to examine the moderator effect of gender and stress on the relationship between risk for physical child abuse and emotion recognition.

Methods

Based on their scores on the Abuse Scale of the CAP Inventory (Milner, 1986), 64 parents at high risk (24 fathers and 40 mothers) and 80 parents at low risk (40 fathers and 40 mothers) for physical child abuse were selected. The Subtle Expression Training Tool/Micro Expression Training Tool ( [Ekman, 2004a] and [Ekman, 2004b]) and the Diagnostic Analysis of Nonverbal Accuracy II (Nowicki & Carton, 1993) were used to assess emotion recognition.

Results

As expected, parents at high risk, in contrast to parents at low risk, showed deficits in emotion recognition. However, differences between high- and low-risk participants were observed only for fathers, but not for mothers. Whereas fathers at high risk for physical child abuse made more errors than mothers at high risk, no differences between mothers at low risk and fathers at low risk were found. No interaction between stress, gender, and risk status was observed for errors in emotion recognition.

Conclusions and practice implications

The present findings, if confirmed with physical abusers, could be helpful to further our understanding of deficits in processing information of physically abusive parents and to develop treatment strategies specifically focused on emotion recognition. Moreover, if gender differences can be confirmed, the findings could be helpful to develop specific treatment programs for abusive fathers.     

项目管理在北京奥运会组织管理中的应用

为了使第一次在我国举行的2008年北京奥运会组织管理更加科学合理,本文引入项目管理的先进方法,对奥运会生命周期的划分、组织管理任务的分解、时间的管理、成本的规划以及风险的管理与控制等方面进行分析和论述,为2008年北京奥运会成功举办提供参考和建议。     

A description of a mother's play guidance for her child with autism in the process of playing by the rules

The purpose of this study is to describe the strategies used by a mother with a child with autism during games activities with peers to provide the child with social skills. The research method of this study is ‘a qualitative single‐subject case study’. The participants in this research are a mother and her 9‐year‐old child with autism, one brother and three typically developing peers. The research data were collected through field notes, interviews, audio and videotape recordings during natural interactions between the mother and her child. The strategies the mother used were analysed using video records during games activities in a natural park. The interactions of the mother with her child were examined in the context of a hide‐and‐seek game. Micro‐ethnographic‐analysis techniques were used in the analysis of the video records. According to the research data, it was found that the mother with a child with autism made extensive use of 13 different verbal strategies and seven different non‐verbal strategies. It was observed that the mother guided her child and the group during the hide‐and‐seek game, arranged the environment of the games, carried out routine activities both at the beginning and at the end of the games and arranged the games in accordance with the abilities and preferences of the child. These applications bear a resemblance to the model of integrated game groups. As a result, the data from the present research reveal that a mother having a child with autism acts as a guide during the games and uses verbal and non‐verbal interaction strategies in this guidance process and by doing so contributes to the process of participation in the games by the child with autism and in the child's social interaction with his peers.     

Education of deaf students in Spain: legal and educational politics developments

This article examines the legal instruments and educational politics affecting deaf persons' educational rights in Spain. We present a historical view of deaf education in Spain before and after the Congress of Milan (1880) and then introduce educational legislation and practices in recent decades. At present, Spanish legislation is moving toward recognition of sign languages and the suitability of bilingual education for deaf students at all educational levels. This is a consequence of taking into account the low academic achievement of two generations of deaf students educated in a monolingual model. Bilingual projects are now run throughout Spain. We emphasize that efforts must be made in the legal sphere to regulate the way in which professionals who know sign language and Deaf culture-teachers, interpreters, deaf adult models-are incorporated in bilingual deaf schools.     

Literacies through media: identity and discourse in the process of constructing a web site

In this research note we explore how children construct their identity in the context of a literacy practice: developing written and audio-visual texts in small-group situation to be published on the Internet. Through their dialogue, a shared identity is growing on the context, and every children create an identity as member of a community in which is included [Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice. Learning meaning and identity. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press].Methodologically we have adopted, on one hand, an ethnographic perspective (Atkinson et al., 2001) and, on the other, an action-research perspective [Reason, P., & Bradbury, H. (Eds.) (2001).Handbook of action research. London, Thousand oaks Sage]. We analysed the data collected in five groups in an after-school workshop, during a one-month period with eight two-hour sessions. It is particularly important to compare the history of every group creates a different identity for its page.Our findings illustrate how the participants, with their multiple identities [Gee, J.P. (1999). An introduction to discovers analysis. Theory and method. London, NewYork: Routledge], generate a collective identity orientated to a common audience writing as a group, and negotiating during their dialogue. We analyse how these multiple identities turn into a shared identity that, finally, is shown in the product (the Web site).The discussion of our results reveals how the process of creating the web pages, in the situation described above, depends on the shared construction of meanings among the participants. Writing on the Internet about the media facilitates multiple dialogues and provides opportunities to educate children in the use of multiliteracies.