Aplicación a la escuela de la psicología genética: La pedagogía operatoria

RESUMEN

El sistema de enseñanza actual contribuye a provocar una escisión mental entre los conocimientos teóricos y su conexión con la realidad. La Pedagogía Operatoria, resultado de la experiencia práctica y de las reflexiones teóricas, intenta unir ambos aspectos. Tras analizar los resultados de los sistemas de enseñanza actuales puede afirmarse que todos sus esfuerzos van dirigidos a que el niño desarrolle la capacidad de reproducir conocimientos ya elaborados, y no a desarrollar la facultad de elaborar conocimientos. Se propone como alternativa el aprendizaje operatorio, que supone la construcción o elaboración del conocimiento por parte del individuo. De esta forma es posible la generalización a otras situaciones similares. Si cambia el contexto operacional, la generalización no será inmediata y será necesaria una reconstrucción metodológica. El papel del maestro es fundamental en este tipo de aprendizaje, con la ayuda y orientación del psicólogo escolar.     

Social competence in internationally adopted and institutionalized children

A growing, sizable proportion of school children do not live in conventional family environments. Among these, internationally adopted children have gained increasing visibility in recent years. While other areas of their behavior have been widely explored, little is known about adopted children's social competence and their integration into peer groups. This study, involving 148 children between 4 and 8 years of age, compared 40 internationally adopted children with 50 children who were residing in institutions for children and 58 community comparison children. Social competence, problems with peers and friendship relationships were assessed using SSRS and SDQ, with both parents/caretakers and teachers as the informants. The sociometric status of the children and their friendship relationships were obtained through their teachers’ reports. The results showed statistically significant differences between children living in institutions (more problems with peers, poorer social skills and sociometric status) and those in family environments, whether adopted and non-adopted. Also, the results suggest some minor differences between the adopted and the comparison children, the former with greater visibility and the latter with higher sociometric status in the peer group.     

Lo individual y lo social en la construcción del conocimiento

Resumen

En este trabajo se explican los principales principios y teóricos y metodologicos de una línea de investigación que tiene como objetivo el estudio del papel del contexto en la adquisición de ciertos contenidos específicos.

Para ilustrar dicha opción se presentan dos tipos de trabajos. En primer lugar se describe la trayectoria seguida en los trabajos sobre adquisición del lenguaje matemático que hemos venido realizando en los últimos años. En segundo lugar se presentan algunos datos de un trabajo realizado recientemente y orientado a analizar el discurso y la práctica en el aula.     

Evaluación y crítica de los nuevos programas de E.G.B.

RESUMEN

El artículo analiza la reforma de los programas educativos para la EGB, que se considera que se limita a una modificación de los contenidos, sin haberse analizado las verdaderas causas del fracaso escolar. Asimismo es criticada la falta de relación entre las bases psicológicas piagetianas que se citan en el texto y la elección y secuenciación de los contenidos. Además, no se intenta conectar las diferentes áreas de aprendizaje, con lo que la educación que el niño recibirá será de una realidad segmentada.     

Ideas,interacción,ambiente educativo y desarrollo: informe preliminar

Resumen

Se presenta en este trabajo un informe preliminar de una investigación longitudinal en la que las ideas evolutivo-educativas son evaluadas a lo largo del tiempo y se ponen en relación con las interacciones que 70 parejas (maridos y esposas) desarrollan con sus hijos de alrededor de 22 meses en situaciones diversas; se analiza también la relación con la estructuración del entorno físico y social del hogar, así como con el desarrollo del niño. Se han encontrado relaciones positivas entre las diferentes clases de padres definidos por sus ideas y las variables dependientes examinadas (contenidos de las interacciones, estimulación del hogar, desarrollo del niño).     

Neuroscience and education: developmental study of a hemispherectomy case / Neurociencia y educación: estudio evolutivo de un caso de hemisferectomía

Abstract

Neuroscience, psychology, and education are disciplines with different philosophies and methods. Although an interdisciplinary approach is an opportunity to explore the educational implications of neuropsychological research, a good model for this dialogue does not exist yet. To promote the integration of these disciplines, which investigate human learning, the present work analyzes a hemispherectomy case study of a high-functioning young boy. Our goal is to present a neuropsychological vision about learning, the mind, and the influence of the context. This case is extremely rare, as not many individuals have been treated with this technique, and must be interpreted with caution. Nevertheless, the presented case study, and other similar cases that we will mention, afford a unique angle from which we can explore neuroscientific principles such as: the brain is highly plastic, the brain is changed by experience and learning, and human brains are as unique as faces. The goal is to promote the integration of neuroscience, psychology and education with a note of attention to misconceptions and myths in a science not completely known yet.     

Physical activity among Spanish adolescents: relationship with their relatives' physical activity - the AVENA study

Identifying factors related to physical activity levels in young people is important for a more efficient health promotion. The aims of this study were to assess physical activity levels in a national sample of urban Spanish adolescents, and to examine the association between significant others' physical activity (father, mother, brother, sister, and close friends) and that of the adolescents. The present study comprised 2260 adolescents (1157 boys, 1103 girls) aged 13.0-18.5 years participating in the AVENA Study. Both the adolescents' physical activity and that of their relatives and close friends was assessed by questionnaire. The odds of being active were higher in boys than girls (odds ratio?=?2.79, 95% confidence interval?=?2.34-3.33) and tended to decrease across age groups in both boys and girls. Father's and older brother's physical activity was associated with boys' physical activity, while that of any significant other was associated with girls' physical activity. When both parents reported being active, boys had nearly two times higher odds of being active and girls had nearly three times higher odds of being active. The physical activity levels of Spanish adolescents are in line with those previously reported. Physical activity levels in girls are strongly related to the physical activity of any significant other, whereas physical activity levels in boys are only related to their male relatives' physical activity.     

Addressing challenging behaviours in the general education setting: conducting a teacher-based Functional Behavioural Assessment (FBA)

When a student demonstrates a challenging or problematic behaviour in the classroom, the climate and the instructional experience can change dramatically for both the students and the classroom teacher. Before resorting to sanctions and punitive consequences, there is a series of steps a classroom teacher can conduct to reduce and replace the challenging behaviour with desired and positive behaviours. The Functional Behavioural Assessment (FBA) is a systematic data collection process used to ascertain information about a student demonstrating a challenging behaviour(s). Typically reserved for students receiving special education services, the FBA can assist students in the general education curriculum as well. More importantly, the FBA process can be of great use in helping the classroom teacher better understand the challenging behaviour, the triggers for the behaviour and the reinforcing consequences of the behaviour. This paper will review the fundamentals of the FBA process, advantages of the process, and practical steps the classroom teacher can use to conduct an FBA.     

Moving Stories: Evaluation of a BSW Oral History Project with Older Adults with Diverse Immigration Histories

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an experiential learning project with BSW students to see if their perceptions of older adults have changed. The project consisted of an oral history project and presentation that matched BSW students with older adults from diverse ethnic backgrounds to gather their immigration narratives. The study used a single group pretest posttest design with 17 BSW students enrolled in an integrative field seminar class. Using a series of inferential analyses, BSW students’ attitudes towards older adults, future career plans, confidence with working with older adults from diverse backgrounds, and geriatric competencies were examined. Overall, a significant increase in BSW students who had varying levels of participation in project perceptions of geriatric social work competencies between pretest and posttest were found. Students who both conducted and presented the oral histories of older adults also were significantly more likely to report future plans to work with older adults compared to students who did not. Exposing BSW students to aging and diversity content has important implications towards fostering student interest in pursuing social work practice with older adults and preparing them for culturally competent social work.     

Posibilidades didácticas del sonido y radio escolar: Implicaciones curriculares

La radio es uno de los medios tecnológicos más accesibles sin grandes recursos al medio escolar, a la vez que brinda un repertorio didáctico enormemente rico y flexible. En este artículo se pasa revista a un buen abanico de estas posibilidades.