Performance proficiency as a measure of learning needs

Level 2 evaluation often advocates that pretest and posttest measures be collected to assess learning gains. In many military organizations, learning per se is less relevant than whether graduates can proficiently perform the job tasks for which they were hired. The critical end is performance proficiency. Incorporating methods for measuring existing performance levels as part of a Level 2 evaluation process has helped the U.S. Coast Guard prove training success.     

Biological databases: A new scientific literature

Biology is entering a new era in which data are being generated that cannot be published in the traditional literature. Databases are taking the role of scientific literature in distributing this information to the community. The success of some major biological undertakings, such as the Human Genome Project, will depend upon the development of a system for electronic data publishing. Many biological databases began as secondary literature—reviews in which certain kinds of data were collected from the primary literature. Now these databases are becoming a new kind of primary literature with findings being submitted directly to the database and never being published in print form. Some databases are offering publishing on demand services, where users can identify subsets of the data that are of interest, then subscribe to periodic distributions of the requested data. New systems, such as fordable while offering a powerful search tool to the scientific community. Although many questions remain regarding the ultimate interactions between electronic and traditional data publishing and about their respective roles in the scientific process, electronic data publishing is here now, changing the way biology is done. The technical problems associated with mounting cost-effective electronic data publishing are either solved, or solutions seem in reach. What is needed now, to take us all the way into electronic data publishing as a new, formal literature, is the development of more high-quality, professionally operated EDP sites. The key to transforming these into a new scientific literature is the establishment of appropriate editorial and review policies for electronic data publishing sites. Editors have the opportunity and the responsibility to work in the vanguard of a revolution in scientific publishing.     

Unsettled questions in the political economy of the arts

Reprinted fromThe Three Banks Review September 1971 pp. 3–19, by kind permission of the Royal Bank of Scotland plc. Lionel (Lord) Robbins (1898–1984) was Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics from 1929–1961 and Emeritus Professor unit 1980. He was actively involved in the arts, higher education and journalism, holding a number of prestigious posts.     

试论《哈尼阿培聪坡坡》所载各迁徙阶段的历史分期

《哈尼阿培聪坡坡》是哈尼族最重要的迁徙史诗,长期以来一直为研究哈尼族的学者所重视,但是诗中所载各迁徙阶段的历史分期问题一直没有得到很好的解决。文章尝试运用新的证据为该史诗断代。据国内史学界研究,哈尼人最迟已于唐朝年间到达红河地区,这一研究成果成为笔者为该史诗断代的基点。通过史诗所述谷哈密查时期哈尼人学会"烧石化水"、"造犁铸剑"这一重要信息,结合昆明地区最早出现炼铁技术的史学研究成果,笔者初步判断哈尼人在谷哈密查的生活年代当为西汉末年到东汉末年。之后运用了三尖叉、轺车、父子连名制、南中大姓及哈尼在那妥、石七生活期间的社会氛围等相关资料为断代结果做进一步的论证,以确保断代的科学性。     

Sixth form religion in Northern Ireland: the Protestant profile 1968–1998

The aim of the present study was to build on John Greer’s systematic set of studies concerned with teenage beliefs and values conducted among samples of sixth form students attending County and Protestant voluntary schools in Northern Ireland in 1968, 1978 and 1988. The present study replicated the earlier surveys for a further time in 1998. The results provide a unique snapshot of the persistence of religious affiliation, belief and practice across the latter part of the twentieth century in a nation which has continued to resist the secularisation process so eroding the place of religion in the neighbouring nations of England, Wales and Scotland.     

Preservice Secondary Education Majors and Visual-Spatial Perception: An Important Cognitive Aptitude in the Teaching of Science and Mathematics

Journal of Science Teacher Education -