Students' comprehension of science textbooks using a question‐based reading strategy

Despite the heavy reliance on textbooks in college courses, research indicates that college students enrolled in first‐year science courses are not proficient at comprehending informational text. The present study investigated a reading comprehension questioning strategy with origins in clinical research based in elaboration interrogation theory, which outlines how to encourage readers to recall relevant background knowledge while reading text materials. The theory suggests that the strategy increases the likelihood that readers will integrate what they read with what they know to make new knowledge. The setting for the study more closely resembled classroom conditions compared to similar studies in the past. Unlike previous studies on reading comprehension, students read a challenging passage from the textbook used in a science course in which they were enrolled. In addition, the text was longer than that used in clinical research. The college students (n = 294) in this study were randomly assigned to either a questioning strategy treatment or a rereading placebo‐control. While reading, treatment students were presented with statements taken from regular intervals in their textbook (about every 150 words) and asked a simple why question about each of these statements. Significant differences were found favoring elaborative interrogation theory and its question strategy treatment over the placebo‐control in terms of science comprehension even after significant estimated predictors of prior knowledge and verbal ability were statistically controlled or accounted for by removing the statistical contributions of these predictors to the main effects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 363–379, 2010     

美国洛克菲勒大学的中学生物科技教师培训介绍

本文介绍了洛克菲勒大学对中学生物科技教师的培训方式和做法。该培训注重以教师科研经历促进科研指导,以师生共同培训示范科研指导,以专家科研报告引领科研指导,以同行交流促进科研指导。     

The mascot that wouldn’t die: a case study of fan identification and mascot loyalty

The issue of sports mascot loyalty, especially to those mascots considered offensive, was investigated through fan identification theory, and applied to the mascot controversy at a large university in the United States. Replicating a previous university survey on the mascot question, a survey of current university students (N = 3616) revealed a strong relationship between mascot loyalty and fan identification, particularly related to one’s perceptions of ‘belonging to the university sports family’, and ‘associating with sports fans’ of the university. Other important findings include age differences and the marginalization of Asian-American fans. The implications and applications of these findings were discussed.     

汽车车内噪声品质评价方法研究

声品质概念的提出,对噪声控制提出了不仅要降低噪声级,还要能够调节声音特性的要求,因此对声品质进行准确的评价非常重要。声品质以人的主观感受作为最终的评判标准,但目前所有的仪器都无法直接测量人的听觉数值,必须借助于心理声学客观参量进行描述。主观评价和心理客观参量相结合,建立数学模型进行分析计算,得到较准确的声品质评价结果,为噪声主动控制技术的发展提供了理论基础。     

Short-Term Memory Trace Decay in Kinesthetically Monitored Force Reproduction

Abstract

The decay of the memory trace for intervals of 1/2 min., 1 1/2 min., and 4 min. between the test stimulus and the reproduction trial was studied for a force reproduction task in which the amount of movement was very small, .13 in. The subject pushed against a handle attached to the top of a steel bar with the preferred hand. Sixty-three women volunteers from college physical education classes performed the experiment. For Part A all subjects first had four trials in which the reproduction was immediate (the control condition). Then they were divided randomly into three subgroups of 21, and each subgroup was assigned to one of the three retention intervals (experimental conditions) for four more trials. In Part B the whole experiment was repeated. For both absolute and algebraic error, analysis of covariance indicated no significant differences at the .05 level among the experimental conditons. Also, no significant differences were found comparing a condition in Part A with its respective condition in Part B. While there were no significant differences between control and experimental conditions for absolute error, significant differences were found for algebraic error. The algebraic error changed from considerable overestimation upon immediate reproduction to only slight overestimation after a 1/2-min. retention interval.     

Frequency Distributions and Standards of Anthropometric and Physical Performance Measures for College Women

Abstract

Frequency distributions of the records of a random selection of 200 college women in a nonmajor required program on anthropometric and physical performance measures commonly employed in physical education were compared with best-fitting normal curves for the same data. A table of random numbers was used to secure the sample. A percentile table for the various measurements was constructed. It was concluded that various measurements commonly employed by physical educators give a non-normal distribution. Hence, the obtained distribution as found on various measurements in this study does not warrant treating these data as normal.     

基于专利的北京新一代信息技术产业SWOT分析

本文以北京新一代信息技术产业为对象,在传统专利地图的基础上,结合专利授权率、研发能力、专利技术价值、技术机会、技术优势等分析方法,采用国内专利和国际专利数据,对北京发展新一代信息技术产业的优势、劣势、机会、威胁进行了定量与微观层面的分析,在与国内外地区专利情况的对比中明确了发展方向。在此基础上提出了北京发展新一代新兴技术产业的对策。研究结果表明,上述思路和分析方法对于分析我国战略性新兴产业现状与对策也具有指导意义。     

细小病毒MPV—Q株理化特性及其致病性的研究

细小病毒ＭＰＶ—Ｑ株是从患病雏番鸭体内分离的一种致病性病毒。电镜及理化特性检查表明该株病毒属细小病毒，圆形无囊膜，直径在２２—２４ｕｍ、对乙醚、胰蛋白酶、酸不敏感，对红细胞无凝集现象，对鸡、丽佳鸡、北京鸭、鹅无致病性。该病毒可引起雏番鸭发生以出血性肠炎为特征的急性败血性传染病。     

Value transfer in concurrent-schedule discriminations by pigeons

When pigeons are trained on a discrete-trial simultaneous discrimination, some of the value associated with the positive stimulus appears to transfer to the negative stimulus (Zentall & Sherburne, 1994). Pigeons preferred a negative stimulus that had been discriminated from an always-positive stimulus (S+) over a negative stimulus that had been discriminated from a sometimes-positive stimulus (S±). A very different finding (suggestive of transitivity of preference or contrast) was reported by Belke (1992). On concurrent probe tests of stimuli associated with equal variable interval (VI) schedules but originally trained in alternative concurrent pairs (one with a richer schedule, the other with a poorer schedule—VI 20 sec vs. VI 40 sec and VI 40 sec vs. VI 80 sec), the stimulus originally paired with the poorer schedule was preferred. But Belke’s results may have been obtained because the pigeons had been trained to peck the VI 40 sec paired with the poorer schedule and they had been trained not to peck the VI 40 sec paired with the richer schedule. In the present experiment, we avoided this bias by training pigeons on two concurrent schedules in which the tested stimuli both had been associated with the poorer schedule of the pair [A(VI 20 sec) vs. B(VI 80 sec) and C(VI 40 sec) vs. D(VI 80 sec)]. Evidence for value transfer was demonstrated when on probe trials pigeons preferred B over D.