Clinical Teacher Preparation: A Retrospective

In this article, we explore how teacher preparation programs have developed from the mid-1800s to present day, emphasizing changes in the clinical component. Drawing from the history of teacher education from the normal schools of the 19th century to present-day interest in clinically based preparation, we first review the migration of teacher preparation from normal schools into higher education. Next we discuss how accreditation has shaped programs. We then turn our attention to major initiatives in the 1980s that explicitly focused on linking school improvement with teacher education reform—partnerships that emphasized clinical aspects of teacher preparation. Finally, we discuss efforts to enhance clinical learning, highlighting instructional strategies and issues regarding design, settings, and outcomes for programs as they work to meet challenging new accreditation standards.     

Dynamics of vascular volume and hemodilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during induction of general and epidural anesthesia

Objective： To investigate the dynamics of vascular volume and the plasma dilution of lactated Ringer＇s solution in patients during the induction of general and epidural anesthesia. Methods： The hemodilution of i.v. infusion of 1000 ml of lactated Ringer＇s solution over 60 min was studied in patients undergoing general （n=31） and epidural （n= 22） anesthesia. Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and hemoglobin （Hb） concentration were measured every 5 rain during the study. Surgery was not started until the study period had been completed. Results： General anesthesia caused the greater decrease of mean arterial blood pressure （MAP） （mean 15% versus 9%; P〈0.01） and thereby followed by a more pronounced plasma dilution, blood volume expansion （VE） and blood volume expansion efficiency （VEE）. A strong linear correlation between hemodilution and the reduction in MAP （r=-0.50;P〈0.01） was found. At the end of infusion, patients undergoing general anesthesia retained 47% （SD 19%） of the infused fluid in the circulation, while epidural anesthesia retained 29% （SD 13%） （P〈0.001）. Correspondingly, a fewer urine output （mean 89 ml versus 156 ml; P〈0.05） and extravascular expansion （454 ml versus 551 ml; P〈0.05） were found during general anesthesia. Conclusion： We concluded that the induction of general anesthesia caused more hemodilution, volume expansion and volume expansion efficiency than epidural anesthesia, which was triggered only by the lower MAP.     

Science Letters： Structure relationship of nitrochlorobenzene catalytic degradation process in water over palladium-iron bimetallic catalyst

Two isomers ofnitrochlorobenzene （o- andp-NCB） were treated by a Pd/Fe catalyst in aqueous solutions through catalytic amination and dechlorination. Nitrochlorobenzenes are rapidly converted to form chloroanilines （CAN） first through an amination process, and then rapidly dechlorinated to become aniline （AN） and CI^-, without the involvement of any other intermediate reaction products. The amination and dechlorination reaction are believed to take place predominantly on the surface site of the Pd/Fe catalysts. The dechlorination rate of the reductive degradation of the two isomers of nitrochlorobenzene （o-, and p-NCB） in the presence of Pd/Fe as a catalyst was measured experimentally. In all cases, the reaction rate constants were found to increase with the decrease in the Gibbs free energy （correlation with the activation energy） of NCBs formation; the activation energy of each dechlorination reaction was measured to be 95.83 and 77.05 kJ/mol, respectively for o- and p-NCB. The results demonstrated that p-NCBs were reduced more easily than o-NCBs.     

基于低碳偏好下的制造商信息收集与质量披露策略

研究基于消费者低碳偏好下,供应链中制造商对于信息收集与质量披露策略选择的问题,建立考虑消费者低碳偏好时的制造商和零售商之间的博弈模型;通过对信息收集和质量披露策略不同选择下供应链决策结果的比较,分析制造商在不同策略选择下的收益差异,得出质量披露成本和消费者低碳偏好差异程度与制造商策略选择之间的变化规律。最后,通过算例分析对于研究结论进行说明和验证。     

论文检测对学术成果信息生态系统健康的影响及优化策略

通过对学术成果信息生态系统相关概念的研究,厘清论文检测与学术成果信息生态系统健康之间的关系,为学术成果信息生态系统的研究提供借鉴。文章在既有研究成果的基础上,运用信息生态理论,从学术成果信息、学术成果信息主体、学术成果信息环境3个方面分析论文检测对学术成果信息生态系统健康的影响,并提出相应的优化策略。     

基于专利的技术融合测度方法——以信息技术与电动汽车技术的融合为例

现代科技的发展使得信息与其它技术组成的技术群落及各技术群落之间相互联系、渗透不断加强,出现了各种技术的交叉融合。如果能及早发现这些技术领域间目前的融合状态及其融合趋势,将会对我国在相关技术方面的优先研发制定发展战略产生重大意义。为解决这个问题提出了一个定量测量技术融合的框架,该框架以专利数据为依据,通过对技术融合的宏观和微观相结合来确定融合的现状,其中微观分析中主要针对技术融合所形成网络的节点以及链路进行测度。最后以德温特数据库中纯电动汽车技术和信息技术的融合为实例对其进行验证。针对实例研究,结果表明G06F（电数字数据处理）、B60L（电动车辆的电力装备或动力装置）、H02J（电能存储系统）等技术与其它技术比较容易发生融合且融合能力较强。G06F-B60W,G05F-H02M等技术对的融合在技术融合中起到了较重要的作用,且其融合强度质量均较高。     

移动互联网背景下消费者搜索在线信息行为的实证分析

在线信息已经成为消费者了解产品的主要信息来源。以移动互联网为背景,将在线信息分为卖方主导信息、买方主导信息和第三方主导信息3类,研究不同类型在线信息对消费者感知的影响,构建了消费者搜索在线信息过程模型。研究表明,卖方主导信息能够最大程度上满足消费者的消费信息需求,买方主导信息被消费者用以判断卖方主导信息的风险性,而第三方主导信息则对买卖双方主导信息提供辅助判断作用。     

论社会组织信息化中的信息技术外包管理

信息技术外包的管理是贯穿信息技术外包整个过程的重要内容。本文依据信息技术外包的整个过程——规划、组织和监理,分别论述了每个阶段的管理内容,包括信息技术外包的范围、方式、承包商的选择、监理的主体和内容等。     

多媒体技术在体育教学中的应用

多媒体技术辅助传统体育教学已经越来越普遍,体育教师必须具备基本的信息素质,灵活运用多媒体技术教学手段,提高教学质量,这就需要我们正确认识多媒体技术与传统技术的关系,构建以多媒体辅助教学为核心的体育教学计划。