The Russian intelligentsia in the public sphere: The mass‐circulation press and political culture, 1860–1917

An independent, commercial mass‐circulation newspaper industry boomed at the end of the tsarist era, one analogous in most respects to that which evolved in the West during the nineteenth century. The Russian press, however, differed significantly from the Western press in the manner in which it functioned politically. Russian journalism, too, helped to open a public sphere in the autocratic environment, in concert with a series of social and political reforms in the 1860s. However, when those reforms failed to create a political order guaranteed by a constitution, the press reconstituted that sphere in a way to actually thwart the evolution of Western liberalism. The pivotal event in this process proved to be the failure of the 1905 Revolution to secure the postreform decades of incremental gains. Like most of the rest of society, journalists became so disappointed by the limited concessions exacted from the government that they lost hope that the autocracy could be reformed. Newspapers sought new political symbols in Russia's past; they found an equally disillusioned intelligentsia, whom they historicized and manipulated so as to undermine whatever substantive part they could have played in using the press as a genuinely transformative institution central to the public sphere.     

Unlocking the Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States

A newly revised Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States was approved in 2016, the 100th anniversary of its first appearance. This article outlines the 2-year, iterative revision process undertaken by the ALA RUSA STARS Codes, Guidelines, and Technical Standards Committee, including the results of two public surveys and significant changes to the Interlibrary Loan Code for the United States. The authors hope to provide a template for future revisions and share the process with the entire interlibrary loan community.     

Popular Illustration

Posterbooks, a roundup of seven paperback titles

Images of an Era: The American Poster, 1945-75 (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1975---$12.50, paper)

Harry Harrison's Mechanismo (London: Pierrot Publishing Ltd./Morgans Run, Danbury, N.H.: Reed Books (Addison House)

John Lewis' Typography: Design and Practice (New York: Taplinger, 1978---$17.50 with a paperback also apparently available)

W.R. Miller et al's Graphic Arts (Bloomington, Ind.: McNight Publishing Co. (distributed by Taplinger in New York), 1978--- $3.96/2.64)

Bill Gray's More Studio Tips for Artists and Graphic Designers (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1978---$4.95, paper)     

Reference and Research

A. George Gitter and Robert Grunin's Communication: A Guide to Information Sources (Detroit: Gale Research Co., 1980—$26.00)

Publishers and Distributors of the United States (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1979—$7.50, paper)

Stuart S. Nagel and Marian Neef's Policy Analysis in Social Science Research (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage Publications, 1979-L-$18.00/8.95)

Michael E. Roloff and Gerland R. Miller, eds. Persuasion: New Directions in Theory and Research (Beverly Hills, Ca.: Sage Publications, 1980—$20.00/9.95)

Ronny Adhikarya and John Middleton, et al's Communication Planning at the Institutional Level: A Selected Annotated Bibliography (East-West Center, 1777 East-West Rd., Honolulu, Hawaii 96848—price not given, paper)

Frederic J. O'Hara's A Guide to Publications of the Executive Branch (Pierian Press, 5000 Washtenaw Ave., Ann Arbor, Mich. 48104. 1979—$29.50/15.00)

MIMP 1980: Magazine Industry Market Place, The Directory of American Periodical Publishing (New York: R.R. Bowker, 1979—$24.50, paper)

Mark Beach and Bill Gilchrist's Words for the Wise: A Field Guide to Academic Terms (Coast to Coast Books, 2934 N.E. 16th Ave., Portland, Ore. 97212—$4.95, paper)     

Beyond student instruction: information skills for staff

Following the work of the Big Blue project, which examined information skills training provision for students in higher and further education, the Big Blue Connect project investigated the information seeking skills and needs of academic, managerial, administrative and technical staff within their work environments in further education and higher education institutions. Skills required by broad categories of staff were identified. Staff of all types use only a small number of the wide range of resources available to them, rely increasingly on the web and do not perceive themselves as having problems finding and handling information. A serious need for training and development is identified.     

Modified Reciprocal Teaching in a Regular Classroom

This study was designed to increase reading comprehension and academic achievement of students through the use of a modified reciprocal teaching program. Modified reciprocal teaching involved small groups of students working together to read and comprehend a portion of text. The students took turns “teaching” these groups by assisting the rest of the group in selecting key words and phrases, summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting. Students were randomly assigned to one of three seventh-grade regular education social studies classes. One class used modified reciprocal teaching twice a week for 8 weeks. The other two classes received a traditional instructional program. All classes were taught by the same teacher. Significant differences included higher scores on comprehension tests and writing samples, improvement in second-quarter social studies grades, and better conduct records for students who participated in modified reciprocal teaching. Several explanations for the superior performance of the modified reciprocal teaching group are hypothesized.     

Conceptualizations of Creativity: Comparing Theories and Models of Giftedness

This article reviews seven different theories of giftedness that include creativity as a component, comparing and contrasting how each one conceptualizes creativity as a part of giftedness. The functions of creativity vary across the models, suggesting that while the field of gifted education often cites the importance of creativity, the conceptualizations of creativity differ depending on the particular theory. The various models of giftedness can be interpreted from the context of current creativity research because certain elements of these conceptualizations can be found in social models, the evolving systems approach, and the domain-generality debate. An integrative perspective of creativity research reveals that some models of giftedness are more comprehensive and consistent in terms of the creativity literature.