School Schedules Affect Sleep Timing in Children and Contribute to Partial Sleep Deprivation

Although the environmental light/dark cycle is the main zeitgeber for the human species, the social cues seem to be important in the synchronization of circadian rhythms. In Brazil, the existence of two school schedules—one with only morning classes (MG) and other with only afternoon classes (AG)—allows the investigation of the effect of school activities on light exposure and sleep/wake patterns in children. Forty‐seven children wore wrist actimeters for a week for registration of light and sleep data. MG children presented shorter sleep duration on school days than the children from the AG. The results showed that during school days MG children were exposed to bright light earlier in the morning when compared to AG children. Nevertheless, there were no differences in light exposure after sunset. The results reflect the role of school schedules and artificial light in shaping light exposure, and its association with sleep timing in children.     

Playing outdoor and practising sport: A study of physical activity levels in Portuguese children

In outdoor activities, it seems reasonable that the longer children spend in spontaneous physical activity (PA), the higher the probability of being active. Indeed, the time spent outdoor has been identified as a variable consistently associated with the children’s PA. Outdoor playing, such as the organized sports practice, appears associated with healthier lifestyle standards. All the recommendations mention the importance of increasing daily PA practice in children and teenagers, but few studies highlight the relationship between outdoor play and the recommended PA levels. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationships between the frequency of outdoor play, the frequency of the organized sports practice, and the compliance of the recommendations for PA practice in children in the inner city area of Porto. The sample of this study is composed of 422 individuals (mean age of 11.6 years). Two hundred and twenty-five of them were girls and 197 were boys from the sixth grade (elementary schools located in the inner city area of Porto). PA was objectively evaluated using accelerometers. Participants reported frequency of participation in different PA contexts, such as sports practice and outdoor play. The results show a predictor effect of participating in sports three or more times per week on compliance of PA guidelines.

In conclusion, organized sports practice seems more effective than outdoor play to reach the recommended levels of PA in children.     

How players exploit variability and regularity of game actions in female volleyball teams

Variability analysis has been used to understand how competitive constraints shape different behaviours in team sports. In this study, we analysed and compared variability of tactical performance indices in players within complex I at two different competitive levels in volleyball. We also examined whether variability was influenced by set type and period. Eight matches from the 2012 Olympics competition and from the Portuguese national league in the 2014–2015 season were analysed (1496 rallies). Variability of setting conditions, attack zone, attack tempo and block opposition was assessed using Shannon entropy measures. Magnitude-based inferences were used to analyse the practical significance of compared values of selected variables. Results showed differences between elite and national teams for all variables, which were co-adapted to the competitive constraints of set type and set periods. Elite teams exploited system stability in setting conditions and block opposition, but greater unpredictability in zone and tempo of attack. These findings suggest that uncertainty in attacking actions was a key factor that could only be achieved with greater performance stability in other game actions. Data suggested how coaches could help setters develop the capacity to play at faster tempos, diversifying attack zones, especially at critical moments in competition.     

VOSviewer and Bibliometrix

VOSviewer (version 1.6.17, July 22, 2021). Centre for Science and Technology Studies, Leiden University, The Netherlands. https://www.vosviewer.com; free, donations accepted.Bibliometrix (version 3.1, Sep 24, 2021). Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Naples Federico II, Italy. ;gro.xirtemoilbib@ofni https://www.bibliometrix.org/; free, donations accepted.     

电子商务实验课程的设计

对电子商务实验的开设问题提出以课程需要、应用需要以及以基本技能训练和学生创造性能力培养两方面切入实验内容的安排 ,并提供了一个实验安排的样本     

关于反腐败斗争的几点思考

腐败的表现是多方面的。主要表现在经济活动、组织人事、执纪执法、生活作风、结交朋友、亲属管理等方面。产生腐败的原因是复杂的 ,主要有攀比心理、侥幸心理、从众心理、拜金心理。我们应采取加强教育、依靠法制、搞好监督等措施 ,将反腐败斗争进行到底。     

A Lakatosian Framework to Analyze Situations of Cognitive Conflict and Controversy in Students' Understanding of Heat Energy and Temperature

The objective of this study is to analyze secondary school students' interactions (conflicts, controversies, and arguments) as they participate in an intact classroom activity designed to facilitate their understanding of heat energy and temperature. The study is based on 32 ninth-grade students in a public school in Londrina, Brazil. Results obtained show that the differentiation between heat energy and temperature constitutes considerable difficulties for the students, and can be considered as part of the hard-core of their understanding (Lakatos, 1970, Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp. 91–196). Student interactions (video taped) were classified into an Alternative Model, Transitional Model, and Scientific Model, depending on the degree to which they reflected a progressive transition in their hard-core. Students generally resisted a change in their conceptual understanding. Some students were able to question the hard-core of their beliefs and construct a Transitory Model. Some students experienced a further progressive transition by constructing a Scientific Model, based on the understanding that Temperature only measures the energy of agitation. Methodology used also provided a glimpse of how a particular student grappled with the conflicts in order to facilitate progressive transition in understanding. It is concluded that given the opportunity to discuss, reflect, consider alternative/conflicting situations, students can construct models that increase progressively in their heuristic/explanatory power.     

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF ANTISENSE OLIGODEOXYNUCLEOTIDES(ASODN) ON HUMAN PANCREATIC CANCER CELL LINE PaTu8988s

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＡｎｔｉｓｅｎｓｅｏｌｉｇｏｄｅｏｘｙｎｕｃｌｅｏｔｉｄｅｓ (ＡＳＯＤＮ )ｃａｎｉｎｈｉｂｉｔｔｒａｎｓｃｒｉｐｔｉｏｎａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｗｉｔｈｓｐｅ ｃｉａｌｇｅｎｅｅｘｐｒｅｓｓｉｏｎ .ＡｆｉｘｅｄｐｏｉｎｔｏｎｔｈｅＫ ｒａｓｇｅｎｅｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈｍｕｔａｔｉｏｎｒａｔｅｉｎｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｃｃａｒｃｉ ｎｏｍａｏｆｆｅｒｓａｎｉｎｔｒａｃｅｌｌｕｌａｒｔａｒｇｅｔｆｏｒｐａｎｃｒｅａｔｉｃｃａｒｃｉｎｏｍａｇｅｎｅｔｈｅｒａｐｙｗｉｔｈＡＳＯＤＮ (Ｃａｉ…     

Teacher counter stories to a citizenship education mega policy narrative. Preparing for citizenship in Chile

The present article focuses on the counter stories of two Chilean social studies high school teachers. Counter stories describe how teachers use their professional experience to confront those mega narratives composed of dominant educational policies that impinge upon their pedagogical practices. The mega narrative described in this study as a citizenship education mega policy narrative is composed by citizenship educational guidelines that have become influenced by other market-driven educational policies, and is not only present in Chile but has also been influenced by policies coming from countries such as England and the US. Therefore, the discussions that emerge from these counter stories on the nature of this mega narrative and the ways through which teachers can confront it through their teaching, and the implications that all this has for the field of citizenship education, do not only fill a gap in Chilean research but also contribute to discussions on counter and mega narratives in the field of citizenship education within a wider international scope.