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941.
The dominant theoretical approach to causal learning postulates the acquisition of associative weights between cues and outcomes.
This reduction of causal induction to associative learning implies that learners are insensitive to important characteristics
of causality, such as the inherent directionality between causes and effects. An ongoing debate centers on the question of
whether causal learning is sensitive to causal directionality (as is postulated by causal-model theory) or whether it neglects
this important feature of the physical world (as implied by associationist theories). Three experiments using different cue
competition paradigms are reported that demonstrate the competence of human learners to differentiate between predictive and
diagnostic learning. However, the experiments also show that this competence displays itself best in learning situations with
few processing demands and with convincingly conveyed causal structures. The study provides evidence for the necessity to
distinguish between competence and performance in causal learning. 相似文献
942.
A case study on project led education in engineering: students' and teachers' perceptions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
Rui M. Lima Dinis Carvalho Maria Assunção Flores Natascha Van Hattum-Janssen 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2007,32(3):337-347
This paper explores the extent to which students and teachers are able to acknowledge the strengths and weaknesses of a shift in the approach to teaching and learning from a traditional, teacher-centred perspective towards project- and learner-centred education. It reports on a case study aimed at exploring students' and teachers' perceptions of a project-led education course carried out at an engineering course at a Portuguese university. Data were collected through questionnaires, letters and interviews. Findings suggest, in spite of some negative experiences and final results for some of the students, a clear recognition of the benefits of a project-based approach to both the teaching staff as well as the students. Both are able to identify interdisciplinarity, high student motivation and the acquisition of soft skills as key features of project-led education. 相似文献
943.
Amélie Courtinat-Camps Line Massé Myriam de Léonardis Valérie Capdevielle-Mougnibas 《Roeper Review》2017,39(1):24-36
The objective of this research is to understand the diversity of gifted students’ self-representations through self-portrait analysis. Two hundred twenty-seven French gifted students (intelligence quotient ≥ 130; 45 girls, 182 boys), aged from 9 to 15 years completed the GPS instrument (Genèse des Perceptions de Soi [Genesis of the Self-Concept]). The authors analyzed data with ALCESTE content analysis software (Reinert, 2003). Using a descending hierarchical classification, results suggested a distinct six-class solution, as well as differences between classes depending on degree of academic achievement, age, type of schooling, and gender. These results do not support the notion that gifted students represent a homogeneous population in regard to their self-perceptions. 相似文献
944.
Wimala de Silva Ph.D. 《Child abuse & neglect》1981,5(4):391-405
The paper provides an overview of the present position. It attempts to identify the causational factors in situations of child neglect, abuse and violence and to pinpoint areas where there is a lacuna in information and knowledge. The study takes prevalence of abandoned children, failure to meet a child's basic needs and underutilization of services provided free by the state as indices of neglect. Measured in these terms it seems that though in Sri Lanka children are considered a blessing, yet they are also subject to neglect though this is not deliberate on the part of parents but arising from numerous factors, mainly poverty and ignorance. Other influences also operate such as cultural values and weaknesses in the delivery systems. Today females of all socioeconomic levels seek employment, both locally and abroad. This can lead to child neglect since community services for child care are inadequate and traditional help is dwindling. The negative impact on children of certain aspects of modernization is also considered. Abuse of children manifests itself mainly in child domestic labour and the exploitation, particularly of malformed and diseased children, in the trade of begging. Violence as judged by reported cases is minimal. But considering social attitudes regarding physical punishment, its prevalence may be wider than generally believed. The need for statistics and studies on all aspects of child care and child behaviour have come out in the study. 相似文献
945.
S. Anthony Thompson Mary Bryson Suzanne de Castell 《International Journal of Disability, Development & Education》2001,48(1):53-65
The theoretical and practical constraints of identity formation for lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) persons with developmental disabilities are explored. Firstly, disability and queer theory and conceptions of identification and community are presented. This is followed by a synopsis of some of the common societal myths about disability and about homosexuality. Thirdly, we trace how these myths affect and filter into caregiver attitudes, lesbian and gay communities and communities of persons with disabilities, including developmental disabilities. All these factors conspire to inhibit self-identification as LGB for persons with developmental disabilities. It is further argued that neither disability theorists nor queer theorists have adequately accounted for such complex identities, and that, perhaps, a fusion of disability theory and queer theory may provide a more comprehensive lens to capture these complexities. We conclude with tentative yet practical suggestions to begin to create community for LGB persons with a developmental disability. 相似文献
946.
ABSTRACTHealth technologies like computers and the internet are considered as essential tools in addressing various health problems of various age groups including the elderly. Through a multi-aspect survey questionnaire, this study examined the role of attitudes toward computer and internet on the behavioral intention for telehealth participation among a select group of Filipino elderly who underwent a basic computer and internet training for Telehealth program. Using regression analysis, results showed favorable attitude toward computers (x = 6.23) and internet (x = 6.40) among the elderly respondents after a computer literacy training. Their behavioral intention to use telehealth was greatly influenced by ‘computer confidence’ (β = 0.24) and ‘web usefulness’ (β = 0.24). Results of this study highlight the importance of telehealth literacy program in ensuring compliance and engagement among the older adults. 相似文献
947.
Allan B. de Guzman Ynna Pauline S. Herrera Jonathan E. Hernando Marithe Danielle A. Hipe Les Paul M. Valdez 《Educational gerontology》2020,46(5):247-257
ABSTRACTThe centrality of social relationship for older adults living in prison cannot be underestimated. While previous studies have investigated the loss of social functioning among older prisoners, there is no known information pertaining to how engagement is experienced among this vulnerable group. This grounded study purports to describe the process by which engagement is experienced among a select group of incarcerated Filipino elderly. Strauss and Corbin’s Grounded Theory design was utilized. A total of 25 incarcerated Filipino elderly in the largest penitentiary in the country were purposively chosen to participate in semi-structured interviews. Field texts were subjected to thematic analysis involving open, axial, and selective coding. Finally, themes were validated via member checking procedure. Interestingly, the study afforded the development of de Guzman, Herrera, Hernando, Hipe, and Valdez Zipper of Engagement Theory among incarcerated elderly. Interestingly, three phases relative to engagement emerged, namely: Initiating, Connecting, and Enabling. Primarily, the Initiating phase involves feelings of fear and nervousness as the incarcerated elderly familiarize themselves with the prison environment. The Connecting phase typifies recognition of the benefits of engagement leading to voluntary participation in activities. Finally, in the Enabling phase, inmates empower themselves and others to grow as they fully acquire the sense of engagement. Gerontological education and research implications are discussed. 相似文献
948.
Alicia de Alba 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1999,27(4):431-443
This article argues that the link between educational curricula and society as a whole has become critically uncertain. This crisis is linked to a number of factors related to the post-modern world view, including: the disappearance of grand utopian social visions of the kind that used to underpin educational policy; the lack of adequate theoretical tools; and the way in which academics are exposed to a multitude of different cultural norms. The author argues that this situation calls for a fundamental re-thinking of the link between curriculum and society, based on a more flexible and pluralistic approach. 相似文献
949.
Anabela C. Alves Rui M. Sousa Sandra Fernandes Elisabete Cardoso Maria Alice Carvalho Jorge Figueiredo 《European Journal of Engineering Education》2016,41(2):123-141
Project-Based Learning (PBL) has been implemented in the first year of the Industrial Engineering and Management programme at the University of Minho, Portugal, since 2004/2005. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and discuss teachers' experiences in PBL in this programme and to explore its implications for student learning and for teaching practices in higher education. For data collection, the research method used was written narratives to these teachers, at the end of the PBL semester. Findings suggest that teachers express a positive view of PBL as a learning approach. They identify student motivation and engagement, along with a better understanding of the application of concepts in real-life situations, as important outcomes of the project for students. Besides this, teachers also highlight the importance of the development of transversal skills by students throughout the project. Recommendations for future work and implications for practice will also be discussed. 相似文献
950.
A bottlenose dolphin was trained to discriminate two simultaneously presented stimuli differing in numerosity (defined by
the number of constituent elements). After responding correctly to stimuli consisting of three-dimensional objects, the dolphin
transferred to two-dimensional stimuli. Initially, a variety of stimulus parameters covaried with the numerosity feature.
By systematically controlling for these stimulus parameters, it was demonstrated that some of these attributes, such as element
configuration and overall brightness, affected the animal’s discrimination performance. However, after all the confounding
parameters were under control, the dolphin was able to discriminate the stimuli exclusively on the basis of the numerosity
feature. The animal then achieved a successful transfer to novel numerosities, both intervening numerosities and numerosities
outside the former range. These findings provide substantial evidence that the dolphin could base his behavior on the numerosity
of a set independently of its other attributes and that he represented ordinal relations among numerosities. 相似文献