E-Discovery: What Future Business Leaders Need to Know

All businesses are subject to legal action. When a suit involves allegations of fraud, information contained in electronic documents may form the core of the suit, as it did during a number of successful suits against businesses in the early 2000s. Of equal importance, companies have been punished for intentionally destroying or spoiling or not disclosing electronic documents. This paper discusses how Federal legislation affects electronic discovery, and what professors and students need to know about electronic discovery. It also contains suggestions for how to integrate knowledge about e-discovery into a business information literacy curriculum.     

Training ‘rule‐of‐〈E〉’: further investigation of a previously successful intervention for a spelling rule in developmental mixed dysgraphia

This paper reports a single case treatment study conducted with R.F.L., a young man with developmental mixed dysgraphia. The intervention focused on teaching spelling rules and was a replication of a previous successful study. The results of the present study provided further insights into the mechanism that operates to update faulty lexical representations for regular words. We argue that the level of spelling accuracy in combination with the error types present before the intervention are important to consider when choosing intervention methods.     

Analysis of fatigue failure in D-shaped karabiners

In order to determine the response of aluminum karabiners to cyclic loading, a single type of karabiner (cold forged, D shape, weight 50 g, 7075 aluminum) was cycled to failure under a range of conditions. Deformations were recorded continuously by the testing machine and verified by manual measurement of the karabiner and an uncalibrated strain gauge affixed to the karabiner spine. Internal crack growth was monitored by taking long-exposure X-ray photos of the karabiners near the end of their lifetimes; after failure, the crack surface area was recorded. The load/life (L/N) curve isL _C =85.4 (N _C)^−0.25 for the closed-gate condition andL _O = 39.3 (N _O)^−0.25for the open-gate condition. Deformation occurs only at loads above 12 kN and all measurable deformation occurs in the first three cycles of loading. Crack growth was never observed before failure; crack size is consistent with expectations but the asymmetrical karabiner geometry makes it difficult to compare this data to standards. These results suggest anL/N curve can be used to characterise karabiner lifetime.     

Early Communicative Gestures Prospectively Predict Language Development and Executive Function in Early Childhood

Using an epidemiological sample (N = 1,117) and a prospective longitudinal design, this study tested the direct and indirect effects of preverbal and verbal communication (15 months to 3 years) on executive function (EF) at age 4 years. Results indicated that whereas gestures (15 months), as well as language (2 and 3 years), were correlated with later EF (φ_s ≥ .44), the effect was entirely mediated through later language. In contrast, language had significant direct and indirect effects on later EF. Exploratory analyses indicated that the pattern of results was comparable for low‐ and not‐low‐income families. The results were consistent with theoretical accounts of language as a precursor of EF ability, and highlighted gesture as an early indicator of EF.     

The persistence of clinical questions across shifts on an intensive care unit: an observational pilot study

How do clinical questions emerge and move toward resolution in the intensive care setting over the course of 24 hours? In a 20-bed surgical intensive care unit in a large, tertiary-care teaching hospital, informationists shadowed clinicians for 2 48-hour periods to record questions, noting when they were asked and whether they were answered. Thirty-eight percent of 112 recorded questions remained unanswered. Some unanswered questions persisted across shifts, and clinicians'' information-seeking behaviors changed over time. Clinical information services can be improved and integrated more fully into clinical workflows based on a fuller understanding of the life cycle of clinical inquiry.     

Enhancing Adherence in Clinical Exercise Trials

Despite advancements in exercise science research and the development of techniques to promote adherence, exercise adherence is often viewed pessimistically by those in the field of puhlic health and exercise science. It is me that exercise rates in the general population have not changed appreciably over the past two or three decades, and from this perspective, there has been little improvement in exercise adherence. However, recent clinical trials have demonstrated good adherence to both the exercise intervention and measurement protocols in controlled studies. Most methods recommended to improve adherence rates can be easily incorporated into standard research practices and require minimal time. effort, or expense. By considering adherence issues during study design and implementation. investigators can substantially enhance treatment and measurement adherence.     

Predictors of Orthographic Learning of Regular and Irregular Words

The aim of this study was to explore the reading and language skills that are associated with orthographic learning and to examine whether the effects of these factors are influenced by word regularity. Grade 2 and 3 children learned the phonology and meaning of novel words and were subsequently exposed to their orthography, with either regular or irregular mappings. At the participant level, phonological decoding skill, orthographic knowledge, and vocabulary knowledge were associated with orthographic learning for both word types. However, at an item level, reading novel words correctly did not directly relate to the successful acquisition of the representations of those novel words. In addition, item-specific vocabulary knowledge was a predictor of success in orthographic learning, but only for irregular words. The findings are discussed in relation to the self-teaching hypothesis (Share, 1995).     

Student enrollment decisions and academic success: evaluating the impact of classroom space design

Learning Environments Research - Instruction based on active learning is being promoted in higher education by the creation of new collaborative teaching and learning spaces, but capacity does not...