SCHOOL STRESS AS A FACTOR IN CHILDREN'S RESPONSES TO TESTS AND TESTING

Response styles are conceptualized as stress reactions, and the stressful school experiences of acquiescent, negativistic, self-enhancing, and self-derogating children are studied. It was found that school interpersonal stress was lower among acquiescent than negativistic Ss, while school academic stress was higher among self-enhancing than self-derogating Ss. One of the major implications of the conceptual approach and empirical results is that tests might be generally improved by identifying the kinds of stressful experiences Ss have had, and relating these to the kinds of responses Ss make to tests and testing. In addition, while the importance of the reaction of Ss to the measuring process is generally accepted, much more needs to be done on the kinds of responses individuals make to the content, in comparison to the conditions, of testing. Finally, these observations are particularly pertinent to tests and testing in schools, especially when the teacher is involved in the process and makes tests and testing stressful. This will tend to increase the effects of response style tendencies and decrease the validity of tests.     

Dynamic Management of Digital Rights for Long-term Preservation:the Expert System Approach

This presentation focuses on the complex issue of managing digital rights for long-term preservation. It describes the strategy and the methodology adopted within the SPAR project (French National Library), which rely on a special kind of knowledge-based system.     

The Results of the Implementation of a Professional Supervision Model on Counselor Trainee Behavior

This article presents the results of the application of a professional model for practicum supervision using co-equal supervisors. This study found that beginning practicum students (a) learned to use a counseling theory in a professional manner with clients, (b) were rated by an expert rater as having skills equal to or higher than a comparison group of interns, graduate students, and employed agency counselors, and (c) rated the professional supervision practicum higher than did those under the usual apprenticeship supervision model. The authors suggest that counselor educators and supervisors can train students in less time to respond at a more complex skill level than has been previously reported in the literature.     

Reflections on a user education session with nursing students

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Training Counselors to Facilitate the Transitions of Aging Through Group Work

Group counseling for elderly people and their caretakers is an effective, but specialized, treatment modality that should be included in counselor education curricula. Training needs and resources are described.     

BOOK REVIEWS

S OVEREIGN R EASON . By Ernest Nagel.
T HE S OCIOLOGY OF E DUCATION AND E DUCATIONAL S OCIOLOGY . A Sociology of Education by Wilbur B. Brookover. New York: American Book Company, 1955; and Applied Principles of Educational Sociology and Educational Sociology, A Resource Book . Edited by Harold R. Bottrell.
W HY J OHNNY C AN ' T R EAD AND W HAT Y OU C AN D O A BOUT I T . By Rudolf Flesch.
T HE F LEXIBLE S CHOOL : A R EPORT OF THE C OMMITTEE FOR THE S TUDY OF F LEXIBILITY IN THE E LEMENTARY S CHOOL .