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71.
Value orientations and studying in school–leisure conflict: A study with samples from five countries
Manfred Hofer Sebastian Schmid Stefan Fries Ilija Zivkovic Franziska Dietz 《Learning and individual differences》2009,19(1):101-112
The relations between students' value orientations and experiences of motivational interference during studying following conflicts between learning and leisure activities were investigated in a self-report study. Overall, 1075 adolescents, mostly from Catholic schools, in Bosnia–Herzegovina (n = 203), India (n = 200), Paraguay (n = 96), Spain (n = 442), and the US (n = 134), participated. The samples varied substantially in terms of modern and postmodern value orientations, experience of motivational interference during studying, and time invested in studying. By controlling for age, gender, and economic capital, postmodern value orientation was positively related to conflict frequency and experience of motivational interference during learning, and negatively related to time investment. For modern value orientation, the relations were almost reversed. Despite the considerable differences between the sample means, the study revealed some consistency in the relations between the variables across the samples, which indicates that most of the relations can be generalized. 相似文献
72.
73.
Peter Döbrich Manfred Kolbe 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》1978,24(2):143-151
Zusammenfassung Bisher besteht in vielen Ländern eine Ungleichheit in den beruflichen Abschlüssen des beruflichen Schulwesens und des Allgemeinbildenden Schulwesens. Inzwischen kann man in einigen Industrieländern Entwicklungen beobachten, allgemeine und berufliche Bildung zu verbinden. Es erscheint günstig, am Anfang der Ausbildung eine breite berufliche Grundlagenausbildung in Verbindung mit Allgemeinbildung zu vermitteln, und erst danach eine Spezialisierung vorzunehmen. In diesem Zusammenhang werden Beispiele aus Schweden, den USA (Career Education), der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Dänemark und der Republik Irland dargestellt.
Up to now in many countries there exists no equality between vocational education and general education in the educational system. In the meantime in some industrial countries a development can be observed to integrate vocational and general education in schools. It seems favourable to offer a broad vocational education in connection with general education at the beginning, and to specialize afterwards. In order to demonstrate this development examples are presented from Sweden, the USA (Career Education), the Federal Republic of Germany, Denmark and the Republic of Ireland.
Résumé Dans de nombreux pays l'égalité entre enseignement professionnel et enseignement général n'est pas encore un fait accompli. Par ailleurs, dans certains pays industrialisés, on a pu observer une tendance à intégrer dans les écoles ces deux types d'enseignement. Il paraît avantageux, au début, de dispenser un enseignement professionnel sommaire en rapport avec l'enseignement général, et de passer à la spécialisation plus tard. L'auteur appuie son exposé d'exemples empruntés à la Suède, aux USA (Career Education), à la République Fédérale d'Allemagne, au Danemark et à la République d'Irlande.相似文献
74.
Oliva Saldanha Martha E. Brennich Manfred Burghammer Harald Herrmann Sarah K?ster 《Biomicrofluidics》2016,10(2)
The structural organization of metazoan cells and their shape are established through the coordinated interaction of a composite network consisting of three individual filament systems, collectively termed the cytoskeleton. Specifically, microtubules and actin filaments, which assemble from monomeric globular proteins, provide polar structures that serve motor proteins as tracks. In contrast, intermediate filaments (IFs) assemble from highly charged, extended coiled coils in a hierarchical assembly mechanism of lateral and longitudinal interaction steps into non-polar structures. IF proteins are expressed in a distinctly tissue-specific way and thereby serve to generate the precise plasticity of the respective cells and tissues. Accordingly, in the cell, numerous parameters such as pH and salt concentration are adjusted such that the generation of functional networks is ensured. Here, we transfer the problem for the mesenchymal IF protein vimentin to an in vitro setting and combine small angle x-ray scattering with microfluidics and finite element method simulations. Our approach is adapted to resolve the early assembly steps, which take place in the sub-second to second range. In particular, we reveal the influence of ion species and concentrations on the assembly. By tuning the flow rates and thus concentration profiles, we find a minimal critical salt concentration for the initiation of the assembly. Furthermore, our analysis of the surface sensitive Porod regime in the x-ray data reveals that the formation of first assembly intermediates, so-called unit length filaments, is not a one-step reaction but consists of distinct consecutive lateral association steps followed by radial compaction as well as smoothening of the surface of the full-width filament. 相似文献
75.
Natalie Ehrhardt Johanna Pretsch Ivana Herrmann Manfred Schmitt 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2016,19(1):157-190
Justice-related situations are a part of students? everyday life. In order to test the antecedents, correlates, and consequences of (in)justice in school, valid measures of justice are needed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to develop an observer low inference rating instrument that can be applied to measure justice in the primary classroom. In two pre-studies, justice-relevant situations in the classroom were extracted and observable indicators for these situations were developed. In the main study, this instrument was used to observe 208 primary school students with regard to their experiences of justice or injustice. In addition to this, other measures of justice were developed to examine the convergence between observer low inference ratings of classroom justice and high inference rating instruments for teachers, students, and external observers.Factor analyses and correlations between the different indices of the observer low inference rating and the high inference rating items suggested that incidents of justice and injustice in the classroom do not tend to co-occur frequently. Teachers do not appear to have a general tendency to treat a child more or less justly across a large number of situations.The findings suggest that a comprehensive assessment of classroom justice requires a multi-method approach where the justice ratings of students, teachers and external observers are all taken into consideration. 相似文献
76.
Student assessment and grading schemes in higher education institutions should be adapted and applied in such a way that they stimulate students to achieve to the utmost of their abilities. It is not sufficient to simply give a grade to a student for a task accomplished or even to give him an average grade for a series of tasks accomplished during a given time period, a semester, for instance. Rather it is necessary to create an action framework of a kind which links the performance dynamic of both students and teachers so as to ensure the accurate determination, evaluation, and analysis of the joint student‐teacher performance behaviour in such a way that the individual procedures subject to evaluation can be grouped into joint procedures which stimulate self‐determination self‐evaluation, and self‐analysis on the part of students, teachers, and eventually, the employers of graduates. The authors have designed two models which illustrate optimum evaluation procedures of the kind which they favour. 相似文献
77.
Manfred Novak 《Zeitschrift für Hochschulrecht, Hochschulmanagement und Hochschulpolitik: zfhr》2007,6(1):18-25
Die bereits im Zuge der Autonomie-St?rkung der Universit?ten durch das UOG 1993 im Rahmen der Erlassung des UniStG 1997 vorgenommene
Aufwertung der Selbstregelungskompetenzen der Universit?ten bei der Gestaltung des Studienrechts, findet in der Fassung der
studienrechtlichen Vorgaben des UnivG 2002 seine konsequente Fortsetzung. Diese Ausweitung der Selbstregelungskompetenzen
geht im rechtsstaatlichen Sinne typischerweise (als Gegengewicht) mit besonderen Anforderungen an Rechtsschutz und Rechtssicherheit
einher. Insofern hat der universit?re Verordnungsgeber auch auf die in den Gesetzesgrundlagen zum Ausdruck kommenden Wertungen
und Grunds?tze eingehend Bedacht zu nehmen. 相似文献
78.
Manfred Lüders 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2001,4(3):457-474
Zusammenfassung Die Erzeugung, Begründung und Durchsetzung von Leistungsbeurteilungen in der Schule stellt für Lehrkr?fte in verschiedenen
Hinsichten ein Problem dar. Einerseits sind die Grenzen des Konzepts der Schulleistung strittig, andererseits gilt es, ungeachtet
der defizit?ren wissenschaftlichen Rationalisierung der Praxis der schulischen Leistungsbeurteilung vertretbare Selektionsentscheidungen
zu produzieren sowie zwischen den vielfach als widersprüchlich empfundenen Zielsetzungen der F?rderung und der Selektion abzuw?gen.
Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, wie Lehrkr?fte an ?ffentlichen Schulen mit diesen und ?hnlichen Problemen umgehen. Er berichtet
über Teilergebnisse eines von der DFG gef?rderten Forschungsprojekts über „Selektionsentscheidungen als Problembereich professionellen
Lehrerhandelns“ (Terhart/Langkau/Lüders 1999). Insbesondere werden Befunde einer Dilemma-Studie vorgestellt, in deren Rahmen
Lehrkr?fte mit problematischen Zensierungs-und Selektionsentscheidungen konfrontiert und um eine Stellungnahme gebeten worden
sind. Dabei stehen keineswegs erneut die vielfach konstatierten Schw?chen des Lehrerurteils im Zentrum der Betrachtung. Ziel
des Beitrages ist es vielmehr, die erhobenen Stellungnahmen der Lehrkr?fte als Ausdruck bestimmter Rahmenbedingungen schulischen
Bewertungshandelns zu interpretieren, damit einen vertieften Einblick in die Praxis der Leistungsbeurteilung als Praxis einer
in Organisationen t?tigen Profession zu geben und Hypothesen für die weitere Forschung zu generieren.
Summary Problems Concerning the Judgement of Pupils’ Performance The generation, justification and assertion of judgements concerning pupils’ performance present teachers with a variety of problems. On the one hand, the boundaries of the concept of pupil performance are controversial whilst, on the other, in spite of the deficiency of scientific rationalization of this practice, adequate selective decisions must be generated and the balance between support and selection must be weighed up. This paper considers the way teachers in public schools cope with these and other similar problems. It reports on some of the results from a DFG-supported research project entitled “Selective decisions as a problem area in professional teaching practice” (Terhart/Langkau/Lüders 1999). In particular, responses from a dilemma study are presented, in which teachers were confronted with problematic selective decisions and asked for their professional opinion. The focal point of this study is not the regularly proclaimed weakness of teachers’ judgements. The objective of this paper is instead to interpret the professional judgement of teachers as an expression of particular conditions of school assessment practice; through this, to offer a deeper insight into the practice of performance assessment conceived of as the practice of a profession which works in organizations, and to generate hypotheses for further research in this field of study.相似文献
79.
Manfred Euler 《Science & Education》2007,16(6):603-611
Compared to Ernst Mach’s influence on the conceptual development of physics, his efforts to popularize science and his reflections on science literacy are known to a much lesser degree. The approach and the impact of Mach’s popular scientific lectures are discussed in view of today’s problems of understanding science. The key issues of Mach’s popular scientific lectures, reconsidered in the light of contemporary science, still hold a high potential in fascinating a general audience. Moreover, Mach’s grand theme, the relation of the physical to the psychical, is suited to contribute to a dialogue between different knowledge cultures, e.g. science and humanities. 相似文献
80.