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Activities of primiparous mothers and infants were observed at 2 and 5 months of age during naturalistic interactions at home. 5 prominent features of mother and infant exchanges in this short-term longitudinal study are described and discussed in the context of 3 models of unique environment-development relations: covariation, stability, continuity, correspondence, and prediction. Generally, mothers' activities did not positively covary at either age, nor did those of infants. Some maternal activities were stable in this time period; some developmentally increased, and some developmentally decreased. Infants' activities were unstable, but most increased over time. Specific mother and infant activities corresponded, and over time mothers and infants influenced one another in specific ways. In the critical period of the first half year, infants appear to be flexible and plastic in their behavioral repertoires and are influenced by their mothers; mothers are somewhat consistent, but they also adapt to the behaviors of their infants. 相似文献
183.
Egghe’s three papers regarding the universal IR surface (2004, 2007, 2008) clearly represent an original and significant contribution to the IR evaluation literature. However, Egghe’s attempt to find a complete set of universal IR evaluation points (P,R,F,M) fell short of his goal: his universal IR surface equation did not suffice in and of itself, and his continuous extension argument was insufficient to find all the remaining points (quadruples). Egghe found only two extra universal IR evaluation points, (1,1,0,0) and (0,0,1,1), but it turns out that a total of 15 additional, valid, universal IR evaluation points exist. The gap first appeared in Egghe’s earliest paper and was carried into subsequent papers. The mathematical method used here for finding the additional universal IR evaluation points involves defining the relevance metrics P,R,F,M in terms of the Swets variables a,b,c,d. Then the maximum possible number of additional quadruples is deduced, and finally, all the invalid quadruples are eliminated so that only the valid, universal IR points remain. Six of these points may be interpreted as being continuous extensions of the universal IR surface, while the other nine points may be interpreted as being “off the universal IR surface.” This completely solves the problem of finding the maximum range possible of universal IR evaluation points. 相似文献
184.
Robert Baxter Powell Marc J. Stern Brian D. Krohn Nicole Ardoin 《Environmental Education Research》2011,17(1):91-111
This investigation examines the use of structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures to develop and validate scales to measure environmental responsibility, character development and leadership, and attitudes toward school for environmental education programs servicing middle school children. The scales represent outcomes commonly of interest to environmental education programs and also to after‐school and positive youth development activities. First, we developed the scales using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and then we used multi‐group longitudinal CFA to cross‐validate the model with data collected before participation in the environmental education program, immediately after the program, and three months later. The results support a three‐factor model, producing three scales that appear to be valid and reliable. 相似文献
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The history of industrial research laboratories offers a good opportunity for studying the complex relationships between science and technology. A good insight of these relationships is relevant for shaping a good concept of science and technology in science education and technology education. In the article, three different interaction patterns are derived from the history of industrial research laboratories (in particular the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium), namely (1) science as an enabler for technology, (2) science as a forerunner of technology and (3) science as a knowledge resource for technology. In science education and technology education these insights can be used for historical projects and for a use in design-and-make projects. 相似文献
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There is evidence that humans' perception of time is affected by the activity in which they are engaged while they are timing. The more demanding the task, the faster time appears to pass. A similar effect has been found in pigeons. Pigeons trained to discriminate between a short-duration (2-sec) and a long-duration (10-sec) stimulus were required to peck when the stimulus was one color and to refrain from pecking when it was a different color. On probe trials of intermediate durations, the bisection point (50% choice of the stimulus associated with both long and short stimuli) for trials in which the pigeons were required to peck was almost 1 sec longer than on trials in which the pigeons were required to refrain from pecking (Zentall, Friedrich, & Clement, 2006). In the present research, we replicated this effect and determined the relation between this effect and the typical bisection point that occurs when pecking is permitted but not required. Results indicated that the typical procedure results in a bisection point that is between required pecking and refraining from pecking. Furthermore, the rate of pecking when pecking is allowed but not required also falls between the rate of pecking for the required-pecking and refrain-from-pecking conditions. This result suggests that, similar to humans, pigeons underestimate the passage of time when they are active or when attention to time-related cues has to be shared with attention to satisfying the response requirement. 相似文献
190.
A clear and consistent execution model of any programming language can lay the foundations not only for a good leaming experience, but also for a smoother design/edit/run/debug cycle. In this paper, we describe our attempt to construct precisely such a model for the logic programming language Prolog, based upon a notational extension of logic programming's traditional AND/OR trees. Our extension, called the AORTA diagram, is an And/OR Tree, Augmented to include invocation history status boxes at each node. This augmentation makes it possible to present a graphical view of Prolog execution which is very compact, yet which contains complete details of unification and control history, including multiple (backtracking) invocations and extra-logical features such as the cut. The paper describes our fine-grained view of Prolog execution in detail, and argues that this fine-grained view can readily be integrated into a coarse-grained model such as thatrequired for understanding the execution of very large programs. Indeed, our notation is already in use across a range of media, including textbook diagrams, video animations, and a graphical tracing and debugging facility running on modem graphics workstations. 相似文献