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31.
Joan N. Vickers Joe Causer Michael Stuart Elaine Little Sean Dukelow Marc Lavangie 《European Journal of Sport Science》2017,17(1):109-117
AbstractA “look-up line” (LUL) has been proposed for ice hockey, which is an orange 1?m (40′) warning line (WL) painted on the ice at the base of the boards. The LUL purports to provide an early warning to players to keep their head up prior to and as they are being checked. We determined if players looked up more on a rink with the LUL compared to a traditional Control rink. Elite offensive (O) and defensive (D) players competed 1 vs. 1, while wearing an eye tracker that recorded their quiet eye (QE) and fixation and tracking (F-T) and an electrogoniometer that measured head angle. External cameras recorded skate duration during four skate phases: P1 preparation, P2 decision-making, P3 cut to boards, P4 contact. The QE was the final fixation prior to contact between O and D as they skated towards and across the WL during P3 and P4. Skate phase durations (%) did not differ by rink or rink by position. More QE and F-T occurred on the WL on the LUL rink than on the Control. The expected increase in head angle on the LUL rink did not occur during P3 or P4. Post-hoc results also showed O and D skated further from the boards on the LUL rink, suggesting the players preferred to control the puck on white ice, rather than the orange colour of the LUL rink. More research is needed to determine if these results apply to the competitive setting. 相似文献
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Previous studies have distinguished cognitive, occupational status and network mechanisms in the relation between education and ethnocentrism. Hypotheses on these mediating mechanisms are derived from socialization theory, realistic group threat and contact theory. In the current study we use structural equation modeling to investigate the explanatory power of these three mechanisms simultaneously. The analysis is based on a representative population survey from the Netherlands (NELLS 2009, n = 1910). The results show that more than half of the initial association between education and ethnocentrism can be attributed to cognitive ability and occupational status mechanisms. The remaining part of the overall association, however, still has to be modeled as a direct relationship between education and ethnocentrism. This direct association can be attributed either to social desirability or to a direct liberalizing effect of education on social and political attitudes. Our analysis tentatively suggests that the rise of average education levels in Western societies might lead to less ethnocentric attitudes via the cognitive sophistication mechanism. 相似文献
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Rainer Koschke 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》2005,6(6):127-140
Software-Architekturen werden aus verschiedenen Sichten beschrieben, die abh?ngig von den Anliegen sind, die mit der Beschreibung
verfolgt werden. In vielen F?llen ist die Software-Architektur eines Systems nicht ausreichend beschrieben. Sichten müssen
dann rekonstruiert werden, um für Planung von ?nderungen zur Verfügung zu stehen.
Dieser Artikel fasst die in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur vorgeschlagenen Techniken zur Rekonstruktion von Software-Architektursichten
zusammen und stellt sie den Sichten des Architekturentwurfs gegenüber. Anhand der Gegenüberstellung identifiziert er Forschungsbedarf. 相似文献
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The cross-sectional relationship between exercise training history and performance on a fluid intelligence test was examined. In addition, openness to experience was included as a potential trait-based contributor to predicting cognitive performance. Results supported past literature demonstrating that aerobically trained or active participants performed significantly better on the fluid intelligence task than aerobically untrained or inactive participants. Hierarchical regression analysis results revealed, as predicted, that openness to experience was a significant predictor of fluid intellectual performance. When entered into the hierarchical regression equation, openness to experience accounted for 16.0% of unique variance in Culture Fair Intelligence Test performance. By contrast, participants' exercise training history, which initially and significantly (p < .05) accounted for approximately 12.0% of the variance in cognitive performance, accounted for 5.0% (p > .05) after openness was entered. Participants were, on average, more open than inactive participants. Results are discussed in terms of the possible mechanisms aerobic exercise training and openness to experience share in regard to brain functioning and performance of fluid intelligence tasks. Future research is suggested that examines biological factors known to influence cognitive performance in exercise settings. 相似文献
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Arne Frick Rainer Neumann und Wolf Zimmermann 《Informatik - Forschung und Entwicklung》1997,12(4):186-195
Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Methode zur Konstruktion robuster Klassenhierarchien vorgestellt. Hierzu wird aus den überlegungen
bezüglich der polymorphen Verwendung von Klassen [2] eine Vorgehensweise zur Konstruktion von Klassenhierarchien abgeleitet.
Die Begriffe Konformit?t und Spezialisierung werden verfeinert, indem nicht mehr s?mtliche Methoden einer Klasse, sondern
Teilmengen davon betrachtet werden. Dies führt zum Begriff der partiellen Konformit?t. In Erweiterung von [2] sind partiell konforme Klassen dann polymorph verwendbar, wenn der Anwendungskontext, der sich aus der Benutzung der Klasse ergibt, sich ausschlie?lich auf konforme Methoden erstreckt. Diese Eigenschaft ist
statisch zur übersetzungszeit überprüfbar. Damit k?nnen Fehlbenutzungen bereits zur übersetzungszeit ausgeschlossen werden.
Eingegangen am 24. Dezember 1996 / Angenommen am 15. Oktober 1997 相似文献
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