网络环境下的知识组织系统网络环境下的知识组织系统——编者的话

知识组织系统(Knowledge Organization Systems/Services,简称KOS),是对各种对人类知识结构进行表达和有组织的阐述的语义工具(Semantic tools)的统称,包括分类法、叙词表、语义网络,以及更泛指的情报检索语言、标引语言。过去几十年中,许多编制这些工具的方法应运而生,对知识组织系统类型和功能的探索也发展到一定阶段,特别是在联机时代,用于标引和检索的知识组织系统的发     

Viewing Michigan’s digital future: results of a survey of educators’ use of digital video in the USA

Digital video is a growing and important presence in student learning. This paper reports the results of a survey of American educators in Michigan (n = 426) conducted in spring 2008. The survey included questions about educators’ attitudes toward the streaming and downloadable video services available to them in their schools. The survey results showed that educators mainly used digital video to introduce and to conclude learning experiences. These educators, who predominantly used the Web‐based unitedstreaming ^TM digital video service, relished the service’s content breadth, short clips and potential to foster instructional innovation. However, many survey respondents reported concerns about internet connection bandwidth, projection capabilities and lack of end‐user control over on‐demand download and manipulation. Educators viewed school‐level Information and Communications Technology policies, bandwidth capacity and lack of support personnel as the causes of these difficulties. Because little research has been done on the implementation of digital video services in US schools, the conclusions of this study may provide direction for educators, researchers and policy‐makers who use a variety of digital video platforms and services.     

Factors affecting persistence of Deaf college students

A study of attrition after the first year of college was conducted with the 1984 entry class of the National Technical Institute for the Deaf. A path-analytic model of 9 factors affecting student persistence was tested using LISREL (N = 233). The results indicate that social integration is an important factor in college persistence. Grade point average is not a critical factor in first year attrition. While provocative, the reasons behind these findings may be specific to NTID. For example, many students come to NTID specifically for its social community. It is concluded, therefore, that while these results were somewhat different from those of studies with hearing students, they support the proposition that studies of college attrition cannot be generalized across institutions.     

An investigation of factors associated with letter-sound knowledge at kindergarten entry

Letter-sound knowledge is necessary for children to begin reading and writing, and kindergarteners who know only a few letter sounds are at risk for later reading difficulties. This study examines the letter-sound knowledge of 1197 first-time kindergarteners who were economically disadvantaged, in light of six hypotheses about letter-sound knowledge acquisition: (1) the letter-name structure effect hypothesis, (2) the letter-sound ambiguity hypothesis, (3) the letter-name knowledge hypothesis, (4) the own-name advantage hypothesis, and 5) the phonological awareness facilitation hypothesis, as well as the (6) interactions between phonological awareness and letter-name structure. Results using three-level multilevel modeling indicate that letter sounds have varying levels of difficulty and several letter- and child-related factors are associated with naming a letter sound correctly. Implications for instruction are discussed.     

Encoding of spatial information in images of an outdoor scene by pigeons and humans

Pigeons and adult humans searched for a 2-cm² unmarked goal in digitized images of an outdoor scene presented on a touch-screen monitor. In Experiment 1, the scene contained three landmarks near the goal and a visually rich background. Six training images presented the scene from different viewing directions and distances. Subsequent unreinforced tests in which landmark or background cues were removed or shifted revealed that pigeons’ search was controlled by both proximal landmarks and background cues, whereas humans relied only on the proximal landmarks. Pigeons’ search accuracy dropped substantially when they were presented with novel views of the same scene, whereas humans showed perfect transfer to novel views. In Experiment 2, pigeons with previous outdoor experience and humans were trained with 28 views of an outdoor scene. Both pigeons and humans transferred well to novel views of the scene. This positive transfer suggests that, under some conditions, pigeons, like humans, may encode the three-dimensional spatial information in images of a scene.     

A Technology‐Enhanced Unit of Modeling Static Electricity: Integrating scientific explanations and everyday observations

What trajectories do students follow as they connect their observations of electrostatic phenomena to atomic‐level visualizations? We designed an electrostatics unit, using the knowledge integration framework to help students link observations and scientific ideas. We analyze how learners integrate ideas about charges, charged particles, energy, and observable events. We compare learning enactments in a typical school and a magnet school in the USA. We use pre‐tests, post‐tests, embedded notes, and delayed post‐tests to capture the trajectories of students’ knowledge integration. We analyze how visualizations help students grapple with abstract electrostatics concepts such as induction. We find that overall students gain more sophisticated ideas. They can interpret dynamic, interactive visualizations, and connect charge‐ and particle‐based explanations to interpret observable events. Students continue to have difficulty in applying the energy‐based explanation.     

AI新时代面向文化遗产活化利用的智慧数据生成路径探析

生成式人工智能引爆AI新时代,新技术不断涌现并快速迭代更新,AI技术应用呈现出百花齐放、百家争鸣的繁荣发展局面。借助AI发展东风,智慧数据的生成进入了高效、深化、多模态集成的新阶段,提升了数据驱动的文化遗产活化利用创新手段和创新形式的丰富度与可行性。本文旨在探索面向文化遗产活化利用的智慧数据生成路径。首先,从AI技术视角,对文化遗产智慧数据的内涵与价值进行回顾并知新;其次,系统分析从多元异构数据资源中生成智慧数据的典型做法;再次,以羌年为例,探讨非遗活态文化的智慧数据生成思路。最后,总结归纳AI赋能文化遗产智慧数据生成路径的四点参考策略：(1)抓住AI赋能机遇,补齐数据基础设施短板,加强数据资源体系建设;(2)尽快开展馆藏数据资源的“大语言模型+知识库”结合工作,实现智能分析与计算增强;(3)鼓励更广泛的文化遗产数据开放与共享,支持活化利用的创新应用;(4)确保可信的智慧数据。图3。表1。参考文献68。