第三代领导集体对邓小平法制建设理论的新发展

第三代领导集体对邓小平法制建设理论的新发展 ,即提出建设社会主义法治国家的基本目标、确定依法治国的治国方略 ,阐明依法治国的四个环节 ,强调党的领导、发扬民主、依法办事的统一 ,要求加强法制教育提高法律素质。其新论述的关节点 ,一是党的执政方式的战略性转变 ,二是确立依法办事的思维方式。     

Effects of Parent Implemented Visual Schedule Routines for African American Children with ASD in Low-Income Home Settings

Low-income, minority families are underrepresented in the literature on parent training for school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although the use of visual supports, such as visual schedules, is considered to be an evidence-based practice for children with ASD in school, it is not known whether this strategy is effective for minority, low-income families when implemented by the parent in the home setting. This study used a multiple-baseline across routines design replicated across two African American child-mother dyads to examine the effects of a parent-implemented visual schedule procedure on child independent schedule use and between-activity transitions. Parent participants were trained to implement a visual schedule intervention during home routines. Although a functional relation was demonstrated across routines for one mother-child dyad, results varied across participants, highlighting the importance of treatment fidelity. Implications for future research, including the challenges involved in parent-implemented interventions in low-income settings for minority children with ASD, are addressed.     

Some Fundamentals of Engaging Stories

This paper discusses a form of information transfer referred to as story. It is suggested that stories serve as a singularly effective replacement for direct experience, a useful but sometimes difficult environmental education technique. The effectiveness of stories is argued to derive from their ability to engage the attention of the reader. The paper concludes with a list of elements that can be used to create cognitively engaging stories.     

Supported playgroups in schools: bonding and bridging family knowledge about transition to formal schooling

Supported Playgroups in Schools (SPinS) are a new initiative in the Australian early childhood education landscape. SPinS are playgroups hosted by a playgroup coordinator co-located on a local school site. Research has identified positive benefits of playgroup participation for children and families. However, little is known about the potential for SPinS to contribute to families’ knowledge about transition to formal schooling. This paper uses the social capital concepts of ‘bonding’ and ‘bridging’ to examine caregivers’ perspectives on their participation in a SPinS with potential to build parental knowledge about their child’s transition to formal schooling. Three main elements of caregivers’ participation in SPinS with such potential are identified, and these elements are mapped into a continuum of low-to-high bonding and bridging relationships to illustrate the potential for SPinS to contribute to the development of increased knowledge about transition to formal schooling by families of young children.     

Self-training through the Internet

The development of five courses, aimed at advanced engineering training, using the Internet, is described in this paper. A European consortium was responsible for the development, implementation and testing of the courses through the organization of virtual classes on the Internet. An important outcome was the definition of the training service characteristics, which led to the development of a quality system based on four fundamental concepts: credit, accreditation, certification and qualification. Professionals of several age groups and industrial sectors with different expectations as well as engineering students attended pilot virtual classes. From the trainee's side, we report on how the training opportunity was received and how the training service provided was felt. The main project successes and a few weak points and a number of important recommendations are listed for future reference.     

Maternal representations of the infant: associations with infant response to the still face

Mothers' representations of their infants may influence early development of emotional self-regulation. This study examined the associations between characteristics of mothers' (N = 100) narratives about their 7-month-old infants, maternal depression, and their infants' affect regulation during the Still Face procedure. Findings showed that (1) mothers' representations were linked with individual differences in their infants' behavior across the Still Face procedure, (2) the association between mothers' representations and their infants' behavior was mediated by parenting behavior, and (3) mothers' representations explained unique variance in their infants' affect regulation beyond the contribution of maternal depression. Although infants' displays of positive affect diminished while mothers held a still face, only infants of mothers in the balanced representation category returned to high levels of positive affect upon resuming interaction. These findings highlight the role of maternal representations in the process by which dyads repair temporary disruptions in interaction, as well as individual differences in infants' and mothers' responses to the Still Face.     

Effects of single‐sex versus co‐educational classes and schools on gender differences in progress in language and mathematics achievement

In this study, the effects of single‐sex versus co‐educational classes and schools on the progress in language and mathematics of boys and girls at the end of the second year of secondary education are investigated. Data from the Longitudinaal Onderzoek Secundair Onderwijs project are used. Multilevel analyses were carried out on a sample of approximately 4000 pupils, 330 classes (190 single‐sex), 180 teachers and 50 schools (20 single‐sex). The results indicate that for boys the gender composition of the classes has more impact than the gender composition of the schools, whereas for girls the gender composition of the schools is more important. Boys make more progress for language (and not for mathematics) in co‐educational classes even after we have taken into account the selective nature of the classes. Girls, on the other hand, make more progress for mathematics (but not for language) in single‐sex than in co‐educational schools.     

Why is it so difficult? Misconceptions about Eastern European education in transition

Eastern European educational systems today face many problems, frequently described in recent publications. This paper discusses several misconceptions both in Western and in Eastern countries, which render more difficult the change process. These concern the inherited situation, reforms underway, power relationships, decentralisation, the roles of tradition and Western assistance, curriculum, financial and statistical data and the relationship between education and society.

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Zusammenfassung Die osteuropäischen Bildungssysteme sehen sich heute vielen Problemen gegenüber, die häufig Thema von kürzlich erschienenen Publikationen sind. In diesem Artikel werden verschiedene sowohl im Westen als auch im Osten bestehende Mißverhältnisse angesprochen, durch die der Änderungsprozeß erschwert wird. Dazu gehören ererbte Zustände, im Gange befindliche Reformen, Machtverhältnisse, Dezentralisierung, die Rolle von Traditionen sowie von Hilfsleistungen aus dem Westen, das Curriculum, finanzielle und statistische Daten sowie die Beziehung zwischen Bildung und Gesellschaft.

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Résumé Les systèmes d'éducation de l'Europe orientale font face aujourd'hui à maints problèmes fréquemment présentés dans de récentes publications. Cet article traite de plusieurs méconceptions perçues à la fois dans les pays de l'Ouest que dans ceux de l'Est qui rendent plus difficile le processus de changement. Elles concernent la situation héritée, les réformes en cours, les relations de pouvoir, la décentralisation, les rôles de la tradition ainsi que de l'aide occidentale, le curriculum, les données financières et statistiques, et la relation entre l'éducation et la société.

     

Real and perceived employability: a comparison among Italian graduates

The research undertaken for this article aims to analyse the correspondence between perceived employability and the actual national employment rate among Italian students and graduates undertaking different courses in a large Italian university. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey of 2087 students in 19 faculties, and compared with the national indicators of employment rate for each faculty. Using faculty as unit of analysis, the results indicated a significant correlation between participants’ perceived employability and national employment rate. This trend was similar for both genders. However, the results showed a difference between bachelor’s and master’s degrees: the correlation between perceived and actual employability was not significant among bachelor’s participants while it remained significant among master’s participants. The results suggest that graduates are only partially aware of their possibility to enter the labour market and this, in turn, highlights that universities have only partially met the goal to increase awareness about the chances of finding a job among students and graduates.