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321.
The study examines the impressions adults form of children as a function of labels of giftedness and gender-typicality. Participants read about a child described as male/female, “gifted”/“average,” and gender-typical/gender-atypical in academic interests; they then responded on 30 adjective scales. Compared with children labeled “average,” children labeled “gifted” are seen as closer to odd than to fits in well. Gender-atypical boys were considered more odd and gender-atypical girls were rated less odd than were gender-typical children, regardless of giftedness. There was no additive negative effect of being both gifted and gender-atypical. Basically, participants described gifted and gender-atypical children differently; some overlap exists between adjectives used to describe these children (e.g., odd). Giftedness and gender-atypicality are related but separate concepts, each with many facets. The interrelationships and diversity of the two concepts must be assessed when individuals consider the impression that gifted or gender-atypical children make on others. 相似文献
322.
323.
Forms M and L of The DUSO Affectivity Assessment Device were administered to 23 first-grade children. Alternate form reliability was significant at the .02 level of confidence. Forty-five first-grade children were administered Form L of The DUSO AAD and one week later the California Test of Personality. Concurrent validity correlations were significant for the total group and for subgroups differentiated by sex. 相似文献
324.
Marilyn Fleer 《Research in Science Education》2000,30(2):241-253
This paper presents a study of the design questions that children ask as they work technologically in school. Thirty-nine
school aged children's technological work on “cubby building” is mapped and discussed. Data sources included video recording,
worksamples, photographs with annotations of work in progress and when completed, and ethnographic field notes. The findings
support the view that children's design questions and briefs arise at various points throughout the lesson sequence, demonstrating
the iterative nature of design, make and appraise within and across lessons. The formulation of design questions evolved as
children interacted, negotiated, played and worked in technological ways. For young children, playing with the “product” or
“process” was an important part of working technologically. For the older children, the possession of technological skills
for joining materials to achieve the desired outcome was a key factor. 相似文献
325.
Although there are no sex differences in general intelligence, reliable differences are found on some tests of cognitive abilities. Many of the tasks that assess the ability to manipulate visual images in working memory show an advantage for males, whereas many of the tasks that require retrieval from long-term memory and the acquisition and use of verbal information show a female advantage. Large effects favoring males are also found on advanced tests of mathematical achievement, especially with highly select samples. Males are also overrepresented in some types of mental retardation. Effects sizes are variable and often large. These differences are generally found cross-culturally and across the life span. The nature–nurture dichotomy is rejected as an interpretive framework. In light of recent findings that environmental variables alter the biological underpinnings of intelligence and individuals actively participate in creating their environments, we prefer a psychobiosocial model for understanding sex differences in intelligence. 相似文献
326.
Anna E. Austin Nisha C. Gottfredson Carolyn T. Halpern Adam J. Zolotor Stephen W. Marshall Jared W. Parrish Meghan E. Shanahan 《Child development》2020,91(5):1650-1662
This study used population-representative data to examine associations of risk and protective factor patterns among Alaska Native/American Indian (AN/AI; N = 592) and non-Native (N = 1,018) children with maternal and child outcomes at age 3 years. Among AN/AI children, a high risk/moderate protection class was associated with child developmental risk and mothers being less likely to feel comfortable asking for help or knowing where to go for parenting information compared to a low socioeconomic status/high protection class. Among non-Native children, a moderate risk/high protection class was associated with child developmental risk and mothers being less likely to feel comfortable asking for help compared to a low risk/high protection class. Results provide insight on the intersection of risk and protective factors among Alaska families. 相似文献
327.
This article describes an integrated art and early literacy project entitled, ‘Picture Partners’. The main purpose of the
project was to explore how young children create and express meaning through art. Children’s responses, both written and spoken,
were included because accompanying modes of expression expand the nature and content of their drawings and inform teachers
about children’s intentions and processes of thinking. A secondary purpose was to investigate how children use illustrations
from familiar picture books as models for their own creations and whether children’s responses to stories might be enhanced
through their collaboration with peers. Partnerships were formed and participants worked in close proximity as they drew pictures
in response to a teacher directed prompt. Using qualitative, interpretative analysis, a small subset of drawings produced
by kindergarten and first grade children was examined. The results revealed that the process of drawing was influenced by
illustrations in picturebooks, peer interactions, and the artwork of partners in close proximity. The shift in emphasis away
from the interpretations of visual realism in children’s drawings towards their own purposes allowed readers to focus on the
way drawings represent meaning within children’s socio-cultural worlds. 相似文献
328.
For beginning teachers to make the transition to full professional membership they need to increase their professional knowledge of the art and science of teaching. This paper explores the difference in knowledge growth between beginning teachers who commence teaching in fragmented teaching situations in the first two years of teaching, and their colleagues who have stable, secure and continuing employment during this time. This paper argues that the employment context in which beginning teachers take up their profession has a significant, but hitherto largely unacknowledged, effect on the capacity of teachers to develop the craft of teaching (Elbaz, 1983); on their continuing commitment to the profession; and on their self-confidence and self-image as teachers It is concluded that long-term, secure employment in one school, with full responsibility for a class of students and access to effective mentoring, is necessary if beginning teachers are to move beyond ‘survival’ to developing competency in the first two years of teaching. 相似文献
329.
Marilyn Fleer 《Research in Science Education》2009,39(2):281-306
In recent times there has been an enormous interest in Vygotsky’s writing on conceptual development, particularly his insights
on the differences between everyday and scientific thinking. In drawing upon cultural–historical theory, this paper seeks
to examine the relations between everyday concepts and scientific concepts within playful contexts, such as preschools, with
a view to better understanding how very young children develop conceptual understandings in science. This paper presents an
overview of a study which sought to map the transformation and appropriation of scientific concepts within two early childhood
settings. Approximately ten weeks of data gathering took place, with video recordings, field notes, photographic documentation,
and child and teacher interviews for recording child concept formation within these naturalistic settings. The findings indicate
that when teacher programs are more oriented towards concepts rather than materials, children’s play is focused on conceptual
connections. Importantly, the study showed that: It was possible to map the multiple and dynamic levels or stratas of thinking
that a child or group of children may exhibit within play-based contexts; An analysis of ‘unorganised heaps’ and ‘complexive
thinking’ evident in conceptually or materially oriented play-based programs can be determined; the dialectical relations
between everyday concepts and scientific concepts in play-based programs can be understood; and greater understanding about
the nature of concept formation in situated playful contexts have been possible. 相似文献
330.
Marilyn A. Winkleby Judith Ned David Ahn Alana Koehler Jeanne D. Kennedy 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2009,18(6):535-545
Despite decades of precollege science education programs, African Americans, Latinos, and Native Americans remain critically
underrepresented in science and health professions. This report describes college and career outcomes among graduates of the
Stanford Medical Youth Science Program (SMYSP), a 5-week summer residential program for low-income high school students among
whom 97% have been followed for up to 21 years. Approximately 24 students are selected annually, with participation limited
to low-income students who have faced substantial personal hardships. Undergraduate and medical students provide key program
leadership and training. The curriculum is based on science inquiry education and includes hospital internships, anatomy practicums,
research projects, faculty lectures, college admissions/standardized test preparation, and long-term college and career guidance.
A total of 476 high school students participated between 1988 and 2008, with 61% from underrepresented ethnic minority groups.
Overall, 78% of African American, 81% of Latino, and 82% of Native American participants have earned a 4-year college degree
(among those admitted to college, and excluding those currently attending college). In contrast, among 25–34-year old California
adults, 16% of African Americans, 8% of Latinos, and 10% of Native Americans earn a 4-year college degree. Among SMYSP’s 4-year
college graduates, 47% are attending or have completed medical or graduate school, and 43% are working as or training to become
health professionals. SMYSP offers a model that expands inquiry-based science education beyond the classroom, and recognizes
the role of universities as “high school interventionists” to help diversify health professions. 相似文献