Contenidos,estructura y determinantes de las ideas de los padres. Una investigación empírica

Resumen

Se han estudiado las ideas de los padres sobre el desarrollo y la educación de los niños con un cuestionario contestado por 278 sujetos (maridos y mujeres) de diferentes niveles educativos, con diferentes niveles de escolarización, de diferentes hábitats y diverso grado de experiencia previa como padres. Se han encontrado diferencias entre unos sujetos y otros en relación con su nivel de información, sus expectativas evolutivas, su capacidad de influencia percibida sobre el niño y su desarrollo, etc. El nivel de escolarización del sujeto ha resultado ser el más importante determinante de estas diferencias. El análisis de los datos ha puesto en evidencia la existencia de tres clases de padres a las que se propone denominar tradicionales, modernos o actualizados y paradójicos.     

Estudio microanalítico de los cursos de acción cooperativos y competitivos en niños y adolescentes

Resumen

En este estudio se analizan los efectos de variables afectivas como la empatía, la ansiedad y la amistad en las interacciones cooperativas o competitivas de los sujetos desde un punto de vista evolutivo. Los objetivos fueron: analizar la influencia de la empatía y la ansiedad en las interacciones cooperativas, y explorar las diferencias evolutivas en los cursos de acción cooperativos de los sujetos cuando la relación que existía entre ellos era de mutua amistad o de mutuo rechazo. Las interacciones se analizaron mediante «Análisis Secuencial de Retardos» (Sackett, 1980) para conocer los procesos interactivos. Se obtuvieron patrones conductuales diferenciados en los niños y en los adolescentes en función de la empatía y las relaciones de amistad existentes entre los sujetos.     

Effect of the level of effort during resistance training on intraocular pressure

Background: We aimed to evaluate the influence of the level of effort during four basic resistance exercises leading to muscular failure on intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion (OPP), as well as the role of exercise type and sex. Methods: Twenty-five young adults (12 women) performed 10 repetitions against their 10-RM (repetition maximum) load in the squat, military press, biceps curl and calf raise exercises. IOP was measured before, during and after exercise, whereas OPP was indirectly assessed before and after each exercise. Results: There was a progressive IOP rise during exercise (p?η²?=?0.531), which was dependent on exercise type (p?=?0.020, η²?=?0.125). The squat exercise induced higher IOP increments in comparison to the other exercises (corrected p-values?p-values?=?0.012 and 0.002). OPP exhibited a significant reduction when leading to muscular failure (p?=?0.001, η²?=?0.364), being statistically significant for the squat and military press exercises (corrected p-values?=?0.037 and 0.047). No effect of sex was found for IOP and OPP (p?>?0.05). Conclusions: A single set of resistance training leading to muscular failure causes an instantaneous and progressive IOP rise in healthy young individuals. These IOP rises depend on exercise type (squat?>?military press?=?biceps curl?>?calf raise), but not on participant´s sex. OPP diminished as a consequence of performing resistance training exercise, being statistically significant for the squat and military press exercises. Future studies should include glaucoma patients aiming to corroborate the generalizability of our findings.     

Effectiveness of antigraffiti treatments in connection with penetration depth determined by different techniques

The elimination of spray paint using traditional (chemical and mechanical) methods inevitably entails altering surface characteristics. Hence, the impact and deterioration caused by graffiti in heritage buildings and monuments have led to the development and application of preventive systems in the form of antigraffiti coatings (which prevent paint from seeping into the pores of the surface material and facilitate cleaning). The effectiveness of two of these treatments, a commercial product (fluoroalkyl siloxane, protectosil, marketed by Degussa) and a hybrid organic-inorganic material (Ormosil), was evaluated in five construction materials (limestone, granite, cement mortar, lime mortar and brick), in terms of their penetration into the substrate. A number of techniques were used to determine the penetration depth (SEM/EDX, micro-Raman and LIBS), because a comparative analysis showed that none was universally valid for all types of treatments. The results show that the presence of the coating on the surface of less porous materials only ensures effective cleaning when the surface is fairly smooth. In granite, for instance, the CF₃ terminals in the fluorinated treatment hinder spray paint bonding more effectively than Ormosil, but not efficiently enough to ensure complete removal of the paint from granite surfaces.     

Embodied cognition as grounding for situatedness and context in mathematics education

In this paper we analyze, from the perspective of 'Embodied Cognition', why learning and cognition are situated and context-dependent. We argue that the nature of situated learning and cognition cannot be fully understood by focusing only on social, cultural and contextual factors. These factors are themselves further situated and made comprehensible by the shared biology and fundamental bodily experiences of human beings. Thus cognition itself is embodied, and the bodily-grounded nature of cognition provides a foundation for social situatedness, entails a reconceptualization of cognition and mathematics itself, and has important consequences for mathematics education. After framing some theoretical notions of embodied cognition in the perspective of modern cognitive science, we analyze a case study – continuity of functions. We use conceptual metaphor theory to show how embodied cognition, while providing grounding for situatedness, also gives fruitful results in analyzing the cognitive difficulties underlying the understanding of continuity. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Atribución de la causalidad y motivación de logro desde una perspectiva evolutiva. Evidencia empírica

Resumen

En el presente trabajo se revisan los principales estudios realzados sobre el desarrollo de las condiciones que determinan la motivación de logro: percepción de los resultados como éxitos o fracasos; capacidad para distinguir distintos niveles de incentivo; comprensión de los conceptos de habilidad, esfuerzo, dificultad de la tarea y suerte, así como de las relaciones compensatorias existentes entre ellos, J capacidad para formar expectativas realistas. También se revisan los estudios sobre las atribuciones que los niños realizan espontáneamente. Se indican tanto las implicaciones psicológicas y pedagógicas de los cambios evolutivos observados como los aspectos evolutivos que necesitan ser investigados.