The Legacy of Early Abuse and Neglect for Social and Academic Competence From Childhood to Adulthood

This study used data from the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Risk and Adaptation (N = 267) to investigate whether abuse and neglect experiences during the first 5 years of life have fading or enduring consequences for social and academic competence over the next 3 decades of life. Experiencing early abuse and neglect was consistently associated with more interpersonal problems and lower academic achievement from childhood through adulthood (32–34 years). The predictive significance of early abuse and neglect was not attributable to the stability of developmental competence over time, nor to abuse and neglect occurring later in childhood. Early abuse and neglect had enduring associations with social (but not academic) competence after controlling for potential demographic confounds and early sensitive caregiving.     

微波技术双语教学改革实践与探讨

总结了微波技术双语授课三年教学实践中的各种问题,对教学中学生学习情况、教材选用、教学方法、考核方式、师资等诸多问题进行分析与探讨,并对今后的教学改革提出一些建议。旨在能为以后更好的开展微波技术双语教学以及新开设其他专业课的双语教学提供有益的参考。     

Collaborations in Mind,Brain, and Education: An Analysis of Researcher–Practitioner Partnerships in Three Elementary School Intervention Studies

A reciprocal relationship informing both research and practice is one of the primary goals in the emerging field of Mind, Brain, and Education (MBE), yet the field has little documentation and analysis of such collaborations. In this article, we present case studies of three research–practice partnerships taking place between scientists and educators. By comparing and contrasting these three partnerships we expect to illuminate common characteristics, challenges, and benefits that come with doing MBE work.     

Error Orientation and Reflection at Work

Reflection on events at work, including errors is often as a means to learn effectively through work. In a cross-sectional field study in the banking sector, we investigated attitudes towards workplace errors (i.e. error orientation) as predictors of reflective activity. We assumed the organisational climate for psychological safety to have a mediating effect. The study participants were 84 client advisors from the retail banking departments in branches of a German bank. The client advisors’ were being affected by a range of changes in their workplaces at the time of the data collection. This situation afforded these workers opportunity for learning but also involved the risk of error by these staff. Regression analyses identified that error competence and learning from errors were significant predictors of reflection. The results confirmed the mediating role of psychological safety on the association between attitudes towards errors and reflective working behaviour.     

Aversive, appetitive and flavour avoidance responses in the presence of contextual cues

Appetitive, aversive and avoidance responses to a flavoured solution in distinct contexts were examined. Rats placed in either a white or black box were given access to saccharin. Consumption was followed by an injection of a toxin in one but not the other box. Rats showed more aversive responses in anticipation of and during the presentation of saccharin in the box paired with the toxin than in the box paired with vehicle. The reverse was true for appetitive responses. The acquisition of conditioned avoidance paralleled the acquisition of aversive and appetitive responses. These findings demonstrate that the toxin does not have to overlap exposure to contextual cues to produce conditioned aversive responses, that the aversive and appetitive responses to a flavour can be modulated by visually distinct environments that predict the toxin, and that conditioned avoidance and conditioned aversions develop simultaneously during acquisition. Thus, environmental cues can modulate anticipatory nausea and may prove helpful in the control of nausea in clinical settings.     

INDIAN SECONDARY STUDENTS�� VIEWS ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING: BELIEFS ABOUT THE USEFULNESS OF ACTIONS AND WILLINGNESS TO ACT

A 44-item survey instrument was designed to determine secondary students?? views about how useful various specific actions related to reducing global warming might be, their willingness to undertake these various actions and the extent to which these 2 might be linked. The instrument was administered to students in grades 6??C?10 (n?=?768) from 4 large schools in metropolitan Delhi, India in which the teaching language was English. The findings indicated that this cohort of Indian students exhibited high levels of concern about climate change and strong willingness to act against global warming and in favour of the environment. The findings are tentatively compared with those from 2 similar survey studies conducted in Western contexts (Spain and Australia).     

Child and adult witnesses: the effect of repetition and invitation-probes on free recall and metamemory realism

Witnesses?? event recall and the realism in their evaluation of the correctness of their recall are of great importance in forensic processes. These issues were investigated in the present study by use of calibration methodology. More specifically, we analyzed the effects of two recalls of the same event (repetition) and of probes (non-informative follow-up questions at recall) on 9?C11?year-old children??s and adults?? open free recall and the degree of realism in the participants?? confidence judgments of the correctness of the recall after they had seen a short video clip. The findings were that repetition resulted in more units recalled both for children and for adults, and in that the children showed higher overconfidence compared with one recall, but not the adults. Moreover, when only the statements in the repetition conditions that were recalled twice were included in the analysis, higher confidence was found for the children (independent of an increase in the proportion correct statements of all statements) but not for the adults. Probing increased the number of units recalled for both children and adults, decreased the children??s proportion correct statements but not the adults??, decreased both children??s and adults?? confidence and increased the children??s overconfidence, but not the adults??. Finally, the combination of two recalls and probing disrupted the children??s but not the adults?? metacognitive performance.     

干旱区绿洲土地覆被变化趋势研究——吐鲁番地区为例

通过1999～2008年间统计数据,对吐鲁番地区及直辖区土地利用变化及区域差异进行分析。研究该地区影响土地利用变化的驱动因子。近10年来综合土地利用数据分析显示了:原有的土地利用模式向园地方向发展,与耕地呈负相关;粮食产量减少了93.74%与耕地、园地、变动有关;整个地区年均GDP以7.24%速度增长,园地、建设用地成正相关;建设用地2.84%速度增加与地方生产值呈正相关。但自然灾害的频繁,水资源的短缺和新增人口与当地工农业发展之间矛盾也逐步增多。     

“三权分置”视域下产权完整性与安全性对农地流转的影响——基于农户产权认知视角

基于地权细分逻辑的农地产权制度改革目的在于提高权利束的完整性与安全性。本文立足于“三权分置”改革视域下的地权细分逻辑,利用辽宁省811户农户调研数据,从理论与实证两层面检验了农地产权完整性和安全性对农户参与农地流转市场的影响。结果表明：①产权完整性和安全性主要通过交易成本减少效应和增值保障效应影响农地流转决策;②从完整性角度看,农户对不同类型权利束完整性的认知对农地流转的影响呈现显著差异,表现为农地入股权认知显著激励农户转入和转出决策,农地抵押权认知激励农地转入决策,但是降低农地转出积极性,农地继承权认知激励转出农地,但降低农地转入积极性;③从安全性角度看,农地产权安全性认知激励农地转入和转出决策,表现为认为土地证书对于保护产权越重要的农户,其参与农地流转的积极性越高,而预期未来可能发生土地调整的农户参与农地流转的积极性越低。因此,为了促进农地流转市场发育,在加快推进“三权分置”制度改革中需要构建一种融合正式国家产权治理规则和非正式村庄治理的协同型产权治理体系：国家产权制度改革应该继续完善法律层面的分权机制和权利保障机制,村庄层面除了保障权利安全性外,更要完善农地流转合约的市场治理机制,畅通农地权利束与产权安全性在流转双方间的转移通道。