辛热力学原理

设2n维辛流形T*M的局部坐标为力学正则变量(q,p),定义T*M的2s维子流形T*N的两套坐标分别为热力学变量(X,Y)和(S,T),则从力学变量到热力学变量为正则变换g_2:T*M→T*N。另一正则变换g_3:T*N→T*N给出全部热力学公式。Hamiltonian 正则方程给出诸热力学变量的时间演化。特别由dT/dt=-?H*/?S=0得到物质相变的条件之一为内压力P_I=0。可望通过研究材料的内压力寻找高临界温度超导体。     

浙江省“151人才工程”第一阶段实施情况调查报告

调查组通过问卷调查的方式,对浙江省“151人才工程”的实施情况开展了调研,调查中对151人员与候选人进行了个性特征的比较,对男性与女性在外语、计算机等有关方面进行了性别比较,对不同学科和区域人员进行了学科性质和区域的分析,揭示了我省高科技人员培养使用过程中存在的若干问题,同时也使平常所注意不到的问题得到进一步的明晰,在科学的统计推断分析的基础上,对新世纪151人才工程的进一步开展提出了大量的合理化建议。     

在大学入学考试中增加心理测试的构想

考试在中国有着悠久的历史渊源。随着中国历史的变迁,从两千多年前“考试”一词的出现,经历了多少次的变化,直到今天的考试制度的建立。今天的考试制度,就以有代表性的高等学校入学资格考试而论,当然不能认为是尽善尽美的,但它却承担着为国家选拔专业人才和评价教育质量的重任,并且也在不断地改革完善中。考试是工具、是方法,工具是无可指责的,关键在于怎样用它。我们希望它能发挥更积极更广泛的作用,提出了在高等学校入学考试中增加心理测验的构想。     

Masculinity Politics, Myths and Boys' Schooling: A Review Essay

This essay reviews two recently published American books about masculinity politics—Michael Kimmel's pro-feminist Manhood in America and his edited collection The Politics of Manhood —in order to comment critically on the current debate underway in various parts of the world on 'boys' and their schooling which sees them as the 'new victims' of the educational process.     

“科尔曼报告”述评——兼论对我国解决“上学难、上学贵”问题的启示

“科尔曼报告”是在二战后随着教育平等、教育民主化思潮的出现以及美国民权法案对教育机会均等现状调查的要求而产生的。报告对美国教育机会均等的现状和影响因素进行了科学的分析,认为校际间差距对不同种族的学生有不同的影响,造成儿童学习水平低的原因,主要不是学校的物质条件,而是学校内的社会因素。“科尔曼报告”深刻地影响了教育机会均等的理论研究与政策实践,对分析和探讨当前我国“上学难、上学贵”问题具有重要的借鉴意义。     

浅析当前电视综艺栏目的后现代主义特征

各电视台纷纷推出的以湖南卫视《快乐大本营》为代表的综艺栏目,采取反精英文化和走向大众(通俗)化的立场,对电视文本元叙事功能进行解构,打破了高雅艺术与大众艺术的界限,颠覆了传统综艺栏目的意识形态和政治教化的功能。其所创造的虚拟的“快乐空间”,拉近了电视与普通观众的距离,有浓郁的平民气息,具有后现代主义的某些特征。     

Conditioning with taste as the CS in conditioned flavor preference learning

There appear to be unconditioned affective reactions to the four basic tastes: liking for sweet and salt and disliking for sour and bitter. We attempted to modify these reactions by pairing the tastes with calories and with sweeter tastes. Differing sucrose concentrations were ineffective in reversing the preference for salt over citric acid or for saccharin over quinine. We could, however, reverse the preference for salt over citric acid, producing an actual preference for sour over salt, by using sucrose and saccharin as the reinforcers. The initial reactions to tastes could also be modified by reducing the initial difference in affect produced by the tastes through mixing both tastes with sucrose.     

Sharing teacher knowledge at scale: teacher inquiry,learning design and the representation of teachers’ practice

Sharing teachers’ professional knowledge remains challenging. Teachers’ development often remains ad hoc or local, and attempts to scale this up have proved problematic. To address this, research in areas such as ‘learning design’ has explored the use of formal representations of practice. This proposes that educational practice can be improved by documenting, sharing and building on what teachers already do. Whilst this has led to some successes, it has not resulted in the widespread transformation of practice. This paper reviews the literature about sharing teacher knowledge. The challenges of scaling up development are then considered in relation to two theories that help explain the challenges: Communities of Practice and Sociomateriality. This analysis is illustrated through case studies in Norway and the UK. These show that teachers already create and share artefacts that represent their pedagogic knowledge. However, they found formal representations, such as learning designs, difficult to work with. The paper concludes that scaling up teacher development using abstract formalisms is unlikely to succeed. Instead, teachers value stories and the materials they already create in their day-to-day practice. It is this intermediate level of representation, between direct experience and formal abstraction, that offers the most promise for sharing practice.     

Extinction and food-reinforced inhibition of conditioned salivation in dogs

The present experiment compared two methods of eliminating a classically conditioned response in dogs, extinction and reinforcement of nonsalivation, using both a within- and between-subjects experimental design. Eighteen dogs were trained for 16 days in Phase I, 16 days in Phase II, and 8 days in Phase III. In Phase I, each subject received classical conditioning training to two stimuli. In Phase II, Group 1 received extinction training to one stimulus and reinforcement of nonsalivation to the other stimulus. Group 2 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and reinforcement on nonsalivation training to the other. Group 3 received continued classical conditioning training to one stimulus and extinction training to the other. In both the within- and between-subjects comparisons, responding to the stimulus associated with extinction was eliminated faster than responding to the stimulus associated with reinforcement of nonsalivation.