A cross-cultural comparison of East Indian and Anglo-European expectations of counselling

Conclusion The findings of this paper add support to the view that the expectations of thisminority group appear not to be very different from those of the majority asdominant culture. What is different is the degree to which both adults and adolescentsagree that there should be a family involvement. Further, as the understandingof what minority groups want and how they best can obtain it becomesknown, cross-cultural counselling can become not a separate entity, but one ofshifting attention to the distinct cultural value dimensions which the client bringswith him or her to counselling and utilizing the culturally appropriate methodsrelated to the identified expectations.The noticeable difference between the adolescent groups reflects two differingcultural heritages — the East Indian tendency to see the individual in the contextof the family environment as an explainer of behaviour while the Anglo-Europeanadolescent appearing to not see others (especially the family) as assisting in his/her individual path of decision-making.In being able to adapt our practice of counseling by incorporating culturallyappropriate skills into the counselling process as well as being highly aware of thediffering cultural value systems, we not only help meet the needs of the minorityclient but move another step closer to achieving the cultural expertise to whichIvey has referred. The author urges we move quickly to find out the perceptionsof the many other separate cultural groups in order that we have a solid database of expectations from which the counsellor can work.Cultural diversity continues to become an important reality of the westernworld and it is the counsellor who must change to keep pace with the continuingevolution of society to avoid what Gilbert Wrenn (1961) has defined as the encapsulatedcounsellor.     

Can cities shape socio-technical transitions and how would we know if they were?

This paper asks two - relatively simple - questions: can cities shape socio-technical transitions? And how would we know if they were? There are three key objectives. The first of these is to set out emerging, and in our view, convincing evidence, that large world cities have political aspirations to develop purposive and managed change in the socio-technical organisation of infrastructure networks that can be characterised as ‘systemic’ transitions. The second objective is conceptual in orientation and seeks to address how we understand transitions at the scale of the city, the role of ‘the city’ in undertaking transitions, and review both the strengths and shortcomings of the multi-level perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions in addressing this. The third objective is to identify what an urban transition would look like, and then constructs a new framework to conceptualise and research urban transitions. The paper then summarises the key aspects and implications of our argument.     

The preparation experiences of elementary mathematics specialists: examining influences on beliefs,content knowledge,and teaching practices

Many in the field of mathematics education call for elementary schools to have elementary mathematics specialists (EMSs) who provide needed mathematical expertise and support for children and teachers. EMSs serve as a reasonable, immediate alternative to the challenges generated by elementary teachers needing improved mathematical knowledge for teaching in the classroom. However, limited inquiry has explored how to best prepare EMSs and how program features and learning activities influence their development. This mixed-method study identifies some of the interrelated benefits from a K-5 Mathematics Endorsement Program designed to prepare EMSs through examining changes in mathematical beliefs, specialized content knowledge (SCK), and classroom teaching practices during the program. Data (n = 32) were collected over the 2-semester program via belief surveys, a content knowledge assessment, observations of teaching practices, and individual interviews from elementary teachers participating in the program. The findings show some changes in beliefs can be made relatively quickly, other shifts in beliefs take more time and continued support, and changes in SCK and adoption of various aspects of standard-based pedagogy require considerably greater opportunities to learn. The described program features and learning experiences provided a context for these changes and offer considerations for EMS preparation programs.     

The effects of early sexual abuse on adult risky sexual behaviors among persons with severe mental illness

OBJECTIVE: There were two aims: first, to examine the relationship between prior sexual abuse and three types of adult risky sexual behaviors [(1) ever traded sex for drugs or money, (2) had unprotected sex in the past 6 months, and (3) frequency of unprotected sex in the past 6 months] among persons with severe mental illness (SMI), and second, to examine the potential mediating effects of adult rape, substance use, and PTSD. METHOD: Using a pooled sample of individuals with SMI (N=609), logistic and negative binomial regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of prior sexual abuse on these adult risky sexual behaviors. RESULTS: Childhood sexual abuse was associated with having ever traded sex for money and having engaged in unprotected sex in the past 6 months. However, childhood sexual abuse was inversely associated with the number of times males had unprotected sex in the past 6 months. Results differed between males and females and the impact of potential mediators also varied by gender and type of outcome studied. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a complex link between childhood sexual abuse and adult risky sexual behaviors in persons with SMI. Clinical assessments of child abuse sequelae should include a variety of indicators and parameters of adult risky sexual behavior, as persons with SMI are at an increased risk of engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors and tend to have a higher exposure to childhood sexual abuse than does the general population.     

The concept map as an advance organizer

The objective of this study was to determine if a concept map used as an advance organizer can improve the science achievement of eighth-grade students. Eighty-two eighth-grade students in four science classes participated in this study. The experimental group completed the concept map at the beginning of the science unit under the teacher's supervision. At the end of the two-week unit a science test was administered to the experimental and the control group. The results of a one-tailed t test indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups. The effect size is 0.40. It appears that the concept map can provide the classroom teachers with a meaningful and practical structured approach for using advance organizers in their classes.     

史怀哲、敬畏生命与世界宗教

史怀哲“敬畏生命”的生态伦理学认为一切生命不仅有价值,而且是神圣的.他把这看成是逻辑和思想的必然结果.他强调人类与其他各种生命形式之间休戚与共的关系,他所遵循的“不伤害生命”或“善待其他生命”等基本原则,与世界上其他宗教和文化的根本信念是一致的,如基督教、印度教、佛教、儒家和道家等,尽管理论上稍有不同.史怀哲还以自己一生都在非洲热带丛林里进行医疗事业的传奇经历,亲自实践着他的这一生命伦理理念,全身心地、多方面地努力追求敬畏生命的道德生活.     

The Media in General

Millerson, Gerald. Effective TV Production (1976, 192 pp., $8.95, paper)

Robinson, J.F., and P.H. Beards. Using Videotape (1976, 163 pp., $7.95)

A. Arthur Englander and Paul Petzold's Filming for Television (New York: Hastings House, 1976—$19.50)

Dwight V. Swain's Film Scriptwriting: A Practical Manual (New York: Hastings House, 1976—$14.50/7.50)

Walter Herdeg's Film and TV Graphics 2: An International Survey of the Art of Film Animation (Zurich: The Graphis Press [New York: Hastings House], 1976—$28.00)     

Journalism

Marvin Barrett and Zachary Sklar's The Seventh Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Survey of Broadcast Journalism: The Eye of the Storm (New York: Lippincott & Crowell, 1980---$11.95/6.95).

Herbert E. Alexander's Financing the 1976 Election (Congressional Quarterly Books, 1414 22nd St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20037---$35.00).

Benjamin M. Compaine's The Newspaper Industry in the 1980s: An Assessment of Economics and Technology (White Plains, N.Y.: Knowledge industry Publications, 1980---$24.95).

Mitchell Stephens' Broadcast News: Radio Journalism and an Introduction to Television (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1980---$12.95).

James D. Startt's Journalism's Unofficial Ambassador: A Biography of Edward Price Bell, 1869-1943 (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1980---$15.95).     

The Media,the Medium,and Malaise: Assessing the Effects of Campaign Media Exposure with Panel Data

In this article we extend recent work on exposure to campaign advertisements, comparing the effects of television ads, radio ads, and campaign-related e-mails using an unusual panel data set that provides information on multiple media sources. Our findings, which control for the endogeneity problem that has plagued much work in political communications, confirm that media exposure does affect citizen attitudes. We also find additional evidence that the medium matters, with exposure to television ads tending to undermine system-supporting attitudes, whereas exposure to radio ads has an overall positive effect; contrary to expectations, the “new medium” of campaign e-mails had no discernible effect.