Performanzfortschritt in der Lehrerausbildung durch die Arbeit an eigenen video- und textbasierten Unterrichtsfällen? Eine Interventionsstudie zur Verbesserung des Feedbacks bei angehenden Sportlehrkräften

This intervention study examines the different effects that work on video- or text-based teaching cases has on improving feedback-related performance (dependent variable) for trainee PE teachers. Within a teaching-learning arrangement, one group (n?=?24) worked with video-based teaching cases while another group (n?=?9) worked with text-based ones. In addition, both groups completed a school practicum. Additionally, a control group (n?=?23) completed the practicum, without any teaching case intervention. The quality of the feedback-related performance of the trainee PE teachers was recorded using video vignettes both before and after the respective interventions and then evaluated on the basis of an external assessment (expert rating). The results show that the work on video- and text-based teaching cases was effective, but that the videobased procedure had more of an impact, with a high level of practical significance. The control group was unable to improve on the basis of the placement within a school. The results demonstrate their usefulness for future training and competence diagnostics.     

Situating teachers’ developmental engineering experiences in an inquiry-based,laboratory learning environment

Many secondary math and science teachers don’t understand the nature and application of engineering adequately to transfer that understanding to their students. Research is needed that investigates and illuminates the process and characteristics of development that addresses this gap. This mixed-method study examines the developmental experiences of 16 public math and science teachers in a yearlong engineering experience. Teachers partnered with university engineering professor-mentors for six weeks on campus followed by ongoing support for transfer to their secondary classes (grades 9–12). Teachers gained engineering knowledge and skills, and an understanding of engineering’s diversity and interdisciplinary nature, plus integrative applied strategies for math and science instruction. They developed productive perceptions (of value, utility, benefits, feasibility and fit) of engineering for their grade 9–12 students, along with efficacy and intent to use what they had learned. Teachers identified positive, profound shifts in their perceptions of engineering and engineers. All teachers integrated engineering principles into their classrooms, but the process was more challenging for math teachers than for science teachers. This developmental experience may help bridge gaps of school-to-life and disciplinary boundaries that separate formal educational environments from authentic life experience.     

Tools of the Trade: UK Research Intermediaries and the Politics of Impacts

In recent years questions concerning the impact of public research funding have become the preeminent site at which struggles over the meanings and value of science are played out. In this paper we explore the ‘politics of impact’ in contemporary UK science and research policy and, in particular, detail the ways in which UK research councils have responded to and reframed recent calls for the quantitative measurement of research impacts. Operating as ‘boundary organisations’ research councils are embroiled in what might be characterised as the ‘politics of demarcation’ in which competing understandings of the cultural values of science are traded, exchanged and contested. In this paper we focus on the way the UK’s ‘Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council’ (EPSRC) has responded to contemporary policy discourses concerning the impacts of public research expenditure. We argue that, in response to the shifting terms of contemporary science policy, the EPSRC has adopted three distinct strategies. Firstly, in collaboration with other research councils the EPSRC have emphasised the intellectual and metrological challenge presented by attempts to quantify the economic impact of public research expenditure, emphasising instead the cumulative impacts of a broad portfolio of ‘basic science’. Secondly, the EPSRC has sought to widen the discursive meaning of research impacts – specifically to include societal and policy impacts in addition to economic ones. Thirdly, the EPSRC has introduced a new framing into the ‘impact agenda’, preferring to talk about ‘pathways to impact’ rather than research impacts per se. In responding to government priority setting, we argue that the EPSRC has sought to exploit both the technical fragility of auditing techniques and the discursive ambiguity of notions of impact.     

Evolution?rer Test von Realzeitsystemen

Zusammenfassung.   Die Entwicklung von Realzeitsystemen ist eine wesentliche Aufgabe im industriellen Umfeld. Der dynamische Test ist die wichtigste analytische Qualit?tssicherungsmethode für Realzeitsysteme. Der dynamische Test ist das einzige Verfahren, mit dem das Laufzeitverhalten der Systeme in der tats?chlichen Einsatzumgebung überprüft werden kann. Bestehende Testmethoden konzentrieren sich weitgehend auf den Test des funktionalen Verhaltens von Systemen. Sie bieten keine besondere Unterstützung für den Test des zeitlichen Verhaltens. Für die Korrektheit von Realzeitsystemen sind jedoch beide Aspekte gleicherma?en wichtig. Folglich müssen die bestehenden Methoden um neue Ans?tze erg?nzt werden, die auf die Prüfung des zeitlichen Verhaltens spezialisiert sind. Ein Fehler im Zeitverhalten von Realzeit-Systemen liegt dann vor, wenn es zul?ssige Eingabesituationen gibt, für die das System nicht in der Lage ist, die spezifizierten zeitlichen Anforderungen zu erfüllen. In den meisten F?llen ist dies darauf zurückzuführen, da?das System eine Ausgabe zu früh macht oder da?die Berechnung einer Ausgabe zu lange dauert und diese daher zu sp?t erfolgt. Aufgabe des Testers ist es folglich, die Eingabesituationen mit den l?ngsten und kürzesten Ausführungszeiten zu finden, um zu überprüfen, ob die für das System spezifizierten Zeitschranken verletzt werden. Wird die Suche nach entsprechenden Eingabesituationen als Optimierungsproblem interpretiert, dann k?nnen evolution?re Algorithmen verwendet werden, um die Eingaben mit den l?ngsten und kürzesten Ausführungszeiten automatisch zu suchen. Die zu optimierende Zielfunktion entspricht hierbei den gemessenen Ausführungszeiten, die generierten Individuen repr?sentieren Testdaten. Die Verwendung evolution?rer Algorithmen für den Test nennen wir evolution?ren Test. Zum Vergleich des evolution?ren Tests mit anderen Testmethoden wurden in dieser Arbeit mehrere Experimente durchgeführt. In allen Experimenten erreicht der evolution?re Test l?ngere bzw. kürzere Ausführungszeiten als durch Zufallstests oder systematische Tests gefunden werden. Der evolution?re Test erscheint daher als gut geeignet für die Prüfung der zeitlichen Korrektheit von Realzeitsystemen. Die Kombination des evolution?ren Tests mit systematischen Tests kann die Testqualit?t weiter verbessern und wird in diesem Papier als Teststrategie für Realzeitsysteme empfohlen. Eingegangen am 14. Dezember 1999 / Angenommen am 30. Mai 2000     

INI-GraphicsNet

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Überzeugungen vom Englischlernen

Der Beitrag fragt, ob das Konzept der überzeugungen für die sprachen-bzw. englischdidaktische Forschung von Nutzen sein kann. Dazu wird zun?chst kurz die Diskussion der epistemologischen überzeugungen von Schülerinnen und Schülern in der dritten TIMS-Studie vorgestellt. Danach werden einige Ergebnisse aus der angloamerikanischen und deutschsprachigen Forschungsliteratur zu überzeugungen vom Sprachenlernen referiert. Am Beispiel eines empirischen Forschungsprojektes werden ansatzweise überzeugungen zweier Englischlehrender zum Grammatiklernen analysiert. Im Ergebnis vertritt der Autor die These, dass die Erforschung der überzeugungen von Lehrenden und Lernenden im Kontext von Schule ein notwendiges und deshalb zu intensivierendes, wenngleich nicht hinreichendes Element der Entwicklung von fremdsprachlichem Unterricht ist.     

A novel technology-industry concordance table based on linked inventor-establishment data

Mapping technologies into industries is frequently required in empirical innovation studies, but many concordances only provide coarse mappings. We develop a novel concordance between industries and technologies making use of linked inventor-employee data for a large sample of German patents filed at the European Patent Office between 1999 and 2011. Inventors listed on these patents are matched and disambiguated with German social security records. Employment data recorded in this database include detailed industry codes describing the industrial activities of the inventors’ establishments. These linked microdata allow us to identify the precise industrial origin of inventions, combine them with technology classifications from the inventors’ patents and to generate novel concordance tables. We evaluate our approach by comparing the concordances with existing work. Moreover, in an empirical application, we find that patent based indicators represent valid proxies for the innovation performance of industries and thus help to measure innovation in the absence of other survey based indicators. Service sector innovation activities, however, appear to be barely represented by the patenting activities of inventors and establishments.     

Stair self-efficacy questionnaire to test the ability of stair negotiation for older people

Background

Older adults face different challenges that affect their daily living. One of the most challenging and hazardous activities of everyday living, especially in the elderly, is stair climbing. Therefore the ability of stair climbing is inter alia used as an indicator for physical fitness and an independent life without the need of support. But until now there has not been an alternative to test the stair climbing ability than to actually climb stairs by using the stair up and down test. Therefore, this study evaluates a self-efficacy questionnaire as a complementing instrument to predict stair climbing abilities.

Methods

A new instrument has been developed for German-speaking countries to assess the role of stair self-efficacy for older people (SSE). The instrument, based on the questionnaire from Hamel and Cavanagh (2004), assesses stair self-efficacy during the performance of 10 different staircase management situations and gathers information about participation in these staircase situations. Reliability and construct validity of the questionnaire were tested with a sample of 121 older adults who completed the SSE questionnaire and the Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC-D) scale. As an additional validity check, 90 participants performed stair climbing in a physical test.

Results

Statistical analysis via a factor analysis showed that the SSE questionnaire is one-dimensional. In addition, reliability was tested by using Cronbach’s alpha and the split-half method via Spearman–Brown to calculate the internal consistency. Both methods yielded adequate results and furthermore the reliability was established via the results of the test–retest reliability. Validity was tested by the parallel testing, using the Pearson correlation between the SSE score and ABC scale, as well as physical testing.

Conclusions

Taken together, the SSE questionnaire offers the possibility to evaluate stair climbing performance without the need for physical performance. This questionnaire is especially helpful because the participants do not need to become physically stressed and exposed to the risk of falling before they are confident enough to climb stairs.