International trends in health science librarianship Part 9: the UK – Scotland and Wales

This is the 9th in a series of articles exploring international trends in health science librarianship. The previous article in this series looked at Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. In this issue the focus is Scotland and Wales. There will be three or four more articles this year tracking trends in the Far East, Africa, South Asia and the Middle East. JM     

Editor's Viewpoint

Abstract

From each volume of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, the Research Consortium selects one or mwe papem that are outstanding contributions to scholarship and are likely to signifcantly aflect theoy and/or practice. The Selection Committee for Volume 65, 1994, was comprised of Daniel Landers, Chaiq Arizona State University; Penny McCukgh, University of Colorado, Boulder; Gil Reme, Auburn University; Christine Wells, Arizona State University; Richard Magill, Louisiana State University; Allen Jackson, University of North Texas; and Thomas Martinek, University of North Carolina at Greensboro. The RQES Editorial Board has asked the author of the selected paper to preparee a brief retrospective of the development of her research.     

The impact of international students on measured learning and standards in Australian higher education

International students, who are also often from non-English language speaking backgrounds (NESB students), are an important source of revenue for Australian universities. Yet little large-scale evidence exists about their performance once they arrive. Do these students perform worse than other students in Australian undergraduate classrooms? What happens to other students’ performance when these students are added to classrooms? I provide new empirical evidence on these questions using recent administrative panel data from the business schools of two Australian Technology Network universities. Results show strong and highly statistically significant main effects and spillover effects, raising concerns about the integration of international NESB students into the Australian tertiary environment.     

The relationship between phonological awareness and the development of orthographic representations

A training study was conducted to investigatethe relationship between phoneme segmentationability and the development of orthographicrepresentations. Five-year-old children withvarying degrees of phoneme segmentationability were taught to read ten new words byrepeated presentation of the words onflashcards. It was found that those childrenwho were most well equipped to perform phonemesegmentation tasks acquired this new readingvocabulary significantly faster than those whowere less phonemically aware. A series ofpost-tests was implemented to discover thenature of the internal orthographicrepresentations which the children had createdfor the words learned. The results of thesepost-tests demonstrated that the children whowere most phonemically aware had alsointernalised the most detailed orthographicrepresentations, despite needing fewerlearning trials. Salient letters fororthographic storage were predictable from thechildren's phoneme segmentation abilities. This paper provides strong support for thethesis that phonemic awareness is related toorthographic storage as well as alphabeticreading techniques.     

Political culture and education in advanced industrial societies: West Germany and the United States

This paper sets out a theoretical framework for the understanding of education and political culture in industrial societies. The framework represents a response to the systems approach to this subject. The framework we propose treats political alienation as a normal outcome of the incompatibility between egalitarian goals and social inequalities in democratic systems. The framework is then applied to the role of education in the United States. We view education as a means by which norms later productive of political alienation are initially distributed throughout democratic systems. Further, we view the school's current predicament in America as a manifestation of its role in the creation of alienation. We then turn to Germany and speculate about the sources of recent democratic support in that political culture, despite the alienating tendencies predicted by our model. We single out factors of tradition, religion, economics, and educational organization as means of understanding changes in the political culture of that society. An absence of relevant data prevents us from applying our model of alienation in a fully comparative way to the German situation. We conclude by considering the effects of short-run political events on our model, and by speculating about the resurgence of alienation in German political culture once German schools, like American schools, more fully play the role of disseminating egalitarian norms in a socially inegalitarian system.

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Zusammenfassung Diese Studie stellt einen Rahmen für das Verständnis des Bildungswesens und der politischen Kultur in Industrieländern auf, der als Antwort auf den Systems-Ansatz zu diesem Thema gedacht ist. Dieser Rahmen behandelt politische Entfremdung als normales Ergebnis der Unvereinbarkeit von egalitären Zielen und sozialen Ungleichheiten in demokratischen Systemen. Zunächst wird er auf die Rolle des Bildungswesens in den USA angewandt. Bildung wird als ein Mittel gesehen, dem gesamten demokratischen System Normen zu eigen zu machen, die später zu politischer Entfremdung führen. Auch die gegenwärtigen Schwierigkeiten im amerikanischen Schulwesen werden auf seine Rolle als Erzeuger von Entfremdung zurückgeführt. Dann geht die Untersuchung auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland über und stellt Überlegungen an über die Ursachen der deutlichen Zunahme demokratischer Gesinnung, trotz der von dem hier vorgeschlagenen Modell vorausgesetzten Entfremdungstendenzen. Tradition, religiöse und wirtschaftliche Faktoren sowie die Organisation des deutschen Bildungswesens werden zur Erklärung der Veränderungen in der politischen Kultur dieser Gesellschaft herangezogen. Mangels relevanter Daten kann das Entfremdungsmodell nicht in völlig vergleichbarer Weise auf die deutsche Situation angewandt werden. Abschliessend werden die Auswirkungen kurzfristiger politischer Ereignisse auf das Modell in Betracht gezogen sowie die Möglichkeit, dass auch in der deutschen politischen Kultur wieder stärkere Entfremdung eintreten wird, sobald die deutschen Schulen, ähnlich den amerikanischen, in vollerem Umfang die Rolle der Verbreitung egalitärer Normen in einem sozial nicht-egalitären Gesellschaftssystem spielen.

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Résumé Cet article présente und cadre théorique de travail permettant une meilleure compréhension de l'éducation et de la culture politique dans les sociétés industrielles. Ce cadre est une réponse à l'approche systématique de ce sujet. Le cadre que nous proposons envisage l'aliénation politique comme un aboutissement normal de l'incompatibilité entre buts égalitaires et inégalités sociales dans des systèmes démocratiques. Le cadre est ensuite appliqué au rôle de l'éducation aux Etats Unis. Nous regardons l'éducation comme un moyen par lequel les normes qui, ultérieurement vont produire l'aliénation politique, sont distribuées initialement, dans les systèmes démocratiques. Nous examinons ensuite l'école: nous voyons sa situation critique actuelle en Amérique comme une manifestation de son rôle dans la création de l'aliénation. Nous nous tournons ensuite vers l'Allemagne et nous formons des conjectures sur les sources du récent soutien démocratique à cette culture politique, en dépit des tendances à l'aliénation prédites par notre modèle. Nous choisissons des facteurs de tradition, de religion, d'économie et d'organisation éducative comme étant des moyens permettant de comprendre les changements dans la culture politique de cette société. Une absence de données pertinentes relatives à ce sujet nous empêche d'appliquer notre modèle d'aliénation d'une façon parfaitement comparative à la situation en Allemagne. Nous concluons en examinant les effets des évènements politiques pendant une brève période sur notre modèle et en faisant quelques réflexions sur la résurgence de l'aliénation dans la culture politique allemande, lorsque les écoles allemandes, comme les écoles américaines, jouent plus complètement le rôle de disséminatrices de normes égalitaires dans un système socialement inégalitaire.

     

The effects of differential college environments on academic learning and student perceptions of cognitive development

It was the purpose of this study to assess the effects of differential college environments on academic learning and cognitive development by testing Pascarella's theoretical general causal model with longitudinal data from a national database on college students. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from the 1986 Cooperative Institutional Research Program (CIRP) freshman survey and from the 1990 follow-up CIRP survey was conducted to formulate the five clusters of independent variables and two dependent variables as postulated by Pascarella. The final sample was composed of 2,165 students at four-year institutions. The data were analyzed using path analysis. Direct, indirect, and total effects of all variables are reported. Results of the path analyses partially supported Pascarella's theoretical causal model. Findings suggested that student precollege traits, the quality of student effort in academic pursuits during college, and interactions with faculty and peers are more salient influences on learning and student perceptions of cognitive development than institutional characteristics and institutional environment. Based on the findings of the present study, a refined causal model for college student academic and cognitive outcomes is proposed. Recommendations and implications for further study are given.     

Reading, writing, and remediation: Perspectives on the dyslexic learning disability from remedial outcome data

This article addresses the problem of what constitutes effective remediation for developmental dyslexia, combining neuropsychological and applied cognitive perspectives on specific reading disability. Despite its high prevalence, whether the disorder is amenable to treatment and what constitutes effective treatment were questions which, until recently, remained essentially unaddressed by properly controlled evaluation studies. Positive results from controlled remediation studies and experimental training paradigms with disabled and poor reader samples are reviewed. As part of a clinical research program at The Hospital For Sick Children in Toronto, we have completed a series of treatment outcome studies with dyslexic samples (cumulative N = 285) in which we evaluated the efficacy of different programs designed to remediate the reading and reading-related deficits of dyslexic children and adolescents. Results from one of these studies are summarized to illustrate the unique perspective afforded through remedial outcome data: Emphasis is placed on what the results of such studies may reveal of dyslexic learning disabilities.