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271.
272.
Despite official government srt (in various jurisdictions around the world) for providing students with opportunities to construct
their own knowledge within the context of formal schooling, school science systems continue to place greatest priority on
teaching and learning of products of science (e.g., laws and theories), while compromising students’ opportunities to develop realistic conceptions about science and expertise for doing science. Based on qualitative data analyzed using constant comparative methods (based on constructivist grounded theory),
we found this also to be the case – paradoxically – in a school belonging to the Canadian Coalition for Self-directed Learning
(CCSDL). Schools in this coalition espouse, among various goals, enabling students to construct their own knowledge, in ways
and directions suiting their individual needs, interests, perspectives, and abilities, in addition to gaining access to knowledge
developed by society. The science department within the coalition school in this study experienced considerable difficulty
realizing this goal, despite school-level administrative support for a concerted effort to reinvent itself along these lines.
Factors that appeared to influence the science department’s efforts included those in each of Schwab’s (1969) educational
"commonplaces;” that is, the curriculum, teachers, students, and the milieu surrounding teaching and learning. Further analysis suggests that results can be explained through reference to a Kuhnian
(1962/1996) paradigm conflict – in which the school’s administrative and curricular committee and other members of the CCSDL
were unsuccessful in convincing members of the science department (who, in turn, appeared to be supported by the provincial
government, parents, and students) to make provisions for more student-directed, openended science inquiry. Assuming that
student-led scientific inquiry continues to be an important curricular goal, efforts must continue to be made, therefore,
to convince members of the mainstream paradigm that it is a worthy goal. 相似文献
273.
Purpose:This study aimed to investigate whether there is a systematic change of leg muscle activity,as quantified by surface electromyography(EMG),throughout a standard running footwear assessment protocol at a predetermined running speed.Methods:Thirty-one physically active adults(15 females and 16 males) completed 5 testing rounds consisting of overground running trials at a speed of 3.5 m/s.The level of muscle activity from 6 major leg muscles was recorded using surface EMG.The variables asse... 相似文献
274.