The effect of marker placement around the elbow on calculated elbow extension during bowling in cricket

The elbow extension angle during bowling in cricket may be calculated from the positions of markers attached around the shoulder, elbow and wrist using an automated laboratory-based motion analysis system. The effects of two elbow-marker sets were compared. In the first, a pair of markers was placed medially and laterally close to the condyles while in the second a triad of markers was placed on the back of the upper arm close to the elbow. The root mean square (RMS) difference in elbow extension angle between the two methods at four key instants was 8° for 12 fast bowlers and 4° for 12 spin bowlers. When evaluated against video estimates of the elbow extension angle for the fast bowlers, the elbow extension angle calculated using the pair method had an RMS error of 2° while the triad method had an RMS error of 8°. The corresponding errors for the spin bowlers were 3° and 5°, respectively. It is thought that the greater errors associated with the triad is a consequence of soft tissue movement in this dynamic activity. This is consistent with the finding of greater error for the fast bowlers compared with the spin bowlers.     

Path-Selection Behavior of Young Children in Body-Mazes

A sample of 120 subjects, 11 to 14 years of age, was used to examine the effects of gender and community socioeconomic setting (CSES) on intransitivity of paired-comparison responses. A two-way analysis of variance was used to analyze data. Small gender differences were attributable to chance alone. CSES differences were large, however, with the lower CSES group having significantly (p = .014) more intrasitive responses than the higher CSES group. Interaction effects were inconsequential. It was not possible to isolate the specific aspect(s) of community socioeconomic setting (i.e., family income, parents’ education, etc.) that accounted for the CSES effect. It was concluded that CSES is too complex to treat as a simple dichotomous variable (higher or lower) and that additional research is needed to examine its multidimensional nature. Suggestions for future research are given.     

Books of the Month

Maurice Horn (ed.) The World Encyclopedia of Comics (New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1976—$30.00 for trade edition; $42.50 for augmented library edition

Anthony Rhodes Propaganda: The Art of Persuasion, World War II (New York: Chelsea House, 1976— $30.00     

Journalism and Mass Media

1977 Newspaper Edition (the publication will appear quarterly—apparently covering a different medium each issue, 342 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017— available without charge to key personnel concerned with media decisions at agencies and clients, $18.00 per copy to others)

1977 City and Regional Magazine Directory (Conference Management Corp., 500 Summer St., Stamford, Ct. 06901—$19.95, paper)

Washington Journalism Review (WJR, 3122 M St. NW, Washington, D.C. 20007—$16.00 per year/12 issues, with single copies at $2.00)

Maurice Rickards' This is Ephemera: Collecting Printed Throwaways (Brattleboro, Vt.: Stephen Greene Press, 1977—$7.00/3.9)

Prakash Sethi's Advocacy Advertising and Large Corporations: Social Conflict, Big Business Image, the News Media, and Public Policy (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books [D.C. Heath] , 1977—$25.00)     

Music and Popular Culture

Gaye Tuchman, Arlene Kaplan Daniels, and James Benet, eds. Hearth and Home: Ima9es of llomen in the Mass Media (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978—no price given, but available in hardback and paperback)

Maurice Horn's Women in the Comics (New York: Chelsea House, 1977—$15.00)

Charles K. Wolfe's Tennessee Strings: The Story of Country Music in Tennessee (Knoxville, Yniversity of Tennessee Press, 1977—$3.50, paper)

Anthony Hopkins' Downbeat Music Guide (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1977—$4.95)

Peter L. Skolnik's Fads: America's Crazes, Fevers & Fancies From the 1890s to the 1970s (New York: Crowell, 1978—$9.95)