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61.
Gershon Tenenbaum Noa Levy‐Kolker Michael Bar‐Eli Robert Weinberg 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(6):529-534
This study was concerned with the interactive role of experience of athletic skill with other relevant environmental variables (display complexity, attentional resources, exposure time of stimuli) on perception (recall) of structured handball game situations. Nineteen experienced (older) and 19 less experienced (younger) handball players were assigned randomly either to ball‐bouncing (diverted attention) or to calm seated (focused attention) conditions. In each of the two conditions, the subjects were exposed to a total of 36 slides containing 2–3, 5–6 and 8–10 players. Eighteen slides were exposed for 0.5 s and 18 for 1.0 s. All the slides contained structured defence and offence situations. Recall scores were subjected to repeated‐measures ANOVA using attention condition and age as between‐subject factors and task complexity and exposure duration as within‐subject factors. The results showed that the recall of less experienced players deteriorated more than the recall of more experienced players following exposure to complex displays (≥ 8 players) while engaging in a secondary task (bouncing). The findings suggest that research paradigms should be applied in the field of sport which share both ecological validity and a potential to discover the cognitive substrates underlying experience and age in skilled motor performance. 相似文献
62.
Two experiments allowed rats to drink freely two neutral flavors (almond and vanilla) in simultaneous compound with two hedonically valued flavors (quinine and saccharin). The neutral flavor previously paired with saccharin was subsequently preferred. The neutral flavor that had been paired with quinine was subsequently avoided. Experiment 3 found similar results when the animals were hand-fed a preset amount of the solution. Preference shifts were not obtained when differential amounts of the neutral flavors were consumed in isolation. The data indicate that flavor-flavor associations can shift taste preferences. 相似文献
63.
Andrew J. Greene Michael H. Dickson Floren Colloud Richard M. Smith 《Sports biomechanics / International Society of Biomechanics in Sports》2013,12(4):302-317
The effect of anthropometric differences in shank to thigh length ratio upon timing and magnitude of joint power production during the drive phase of the rowing stroke was investigated in 14 elite male rowers. Rowers were tested on the RowPerfect ergometer which was instrumented at the handle and foot stretcher to measure force generation, and a nine segment inverse dynamics model used to calculate the rower's joint and overall power production. Rowers were divided into two groups according to relative shank thigh ratio. Time to half lumbar power generation was significantly earlier in shorter shank rowers (p = 0.028) compared to longer shank rowers, who showed no lumbar power generation during the same period of the drive phase. Rowers with a relatively shorter shank demonstrated earlier lumbar power generation during the drive phase resulting from restricted rotation of the pelvic segment requiring increased lumbar extension in these rowers. Earlier lumbar power generation and extension did not appear to directly affect performance measures of the short shank group, and so can be attributed to a technical adaptation developed to maximise rowing performance. 相似文献
64.
Steve den Hollander Michael Lambert Ben Jones Sharief Hendricks 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(22):2578-2587
ABSTRACTThis study examined the validity of a tool that assesses tackle and ruck technique in training and established reference data for tackle, ball-carry and ruck technique at different levels of play in rugby union. One hundred and thirty-one amateur rugby union players; 37 senior, 51 first-grade academy and 43 second-grade academy players, participated in a two-on-two contact drill. The drill was filmed and the players’ tackle, ball-carry and ruck technique were assessed using standardized technical criteria. Senior level players scored significantly higher in all three assessments; tackle technique senior vs academy 1st (p < 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.7, moderate), senior vs academy 2nd (p < 0.01, ES = 0.7, moderate); ball-carry technique senior vs academy 1st (p < 0.01, ES = 0.6, moderate), senior vs academy 2nd (p < 0.01, ES = 0.8, moderate); ruck technique senior vs academy 1st (p < 0.01, ES = 0.7, moderate), senior vs academy 2nd (p < 0.01, ES = 0.4, small). These findings emphasize the importance of developing contact technique to allow players to progress to higher levels, and provide validity to an assessment tool which can facilitate this process. 相似文献
65.
Piperakis Stylianos M. Papadimitriou Vasiliki Piperakis Michael M. Zisis Panagiotis 《Journal of Science Education and Technology》2003,12(2):135-141
The purpose of this study was to assess Greek primary (1st to 6th grade) school children's understanding of sun exposure during summer vacation. Our results show that children know the damaging effects of long time exposure and the precautions that should be taken during sun bathing (sun glasses, hat, umbrella, sunscreen, etc). Nevertheless, they do not seem to avoid being exposed between 12.00 A.M. and 15.00 P.M., which is the most dangerous time. The socioeconomic status of father has no effect on the attitude of children towards taking protection measures when exposed to the sun, however, the educational status of the mother appears to influence children's reported knowledge and behaviour. Place of residence (urban or rural areas) and gender does not influence their knowledge on the sun's damaging effects and the precautions they should take. Finally, as children grow older they seem to gradually reduce the protective measures they take. 相似文献
66.
The goals of this study were to investigate the timing and the mechanism by which two types of model-centered instruction
(MCI)—expert modeling (EM) and self-guided modeling (SGM)—might be made increasingly effective, efficient, and engaging for
learners with different levels of expertise. The 62 pre-service and in-service evaluators who participated in the study were
randomly assigned to one of these two types of MCI. The participants in the EM group were provided with the conceptual models
used by experts to solve ethical conflicts within program evaluation. The participants in SGM group received no guidance in
developing their own mental models. Regarding instructional effectiveness measures, there were no significant differences
between the two types of MCI. However, inexperienced learners in the EM group invested less instructional effort and time
than did those in the SGM group. In addition, inexperienced learners in the EM group also exhibited more engagement than did
those in the SGM group. Therefore, EM is likely to be the more appropriate instructional design for inexperienced learners.
Expert modeling required experienced learners to invest more mental effort, because if the conceptual model of the expert
was redundant, it required them to integrate the previous schema with resulting overload of their working memory. Regardless
of the types of MCI employed, the inexperienced participants showed significantly higher levels of attention and satisfaction
than did the experienced participants. 相似文献
67.
68.
Michael O'Connor Angus Macfarlane 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》2002,24(4):223-237
Maori stories and symbols offer Westerns counselors a rich heritageof wisdom. This article provides a summary of key Maori mythologyand worldview highlighting the profound significance of sacredgeography—manifested in the marae (meeting ground) andthe wharenui (meeting house)—and family (whenau) imbedded in genealogy (whakapa). The authors then considerrelated significance for contemporary Maori, offer questions andapplications for western counsellors, and acknowledge essentialconsultation from a Maori staff advisor (te kaiurungi). 相似文献
69.
70.
Elsie L. Echeverri-Carroll Michael D. Oden David V. Gibson Evan A. Johnston 《Research Policy》2018,47(1):209-217
There has been considerable media coverage highlighting the lack of gender diversity in Silicon Valley, stressing the relatively low participation of women in the high-tech economy. Austin offers a unique case for testing whether similar gender issues characterized other high-tech regions because the city has historically benefited from the expansion of Silicon Valley’s large high-tech firms since the 1980s. The gender-biased business practices identified in Silicon Valley firms may have been transferred to their branch plants in Austin. Our analysis shows women’s losses in middle-skill occupation employment shares were concentrated in the low-tech industry and were partially offset by job share gains in high-skill occupations in the same sector between 1980 and 2015. Men’s losses in middle-skill occupation job share were also mainly concentrated in the low-tech sector but were partially offset by employment share gains in high-skill occupations only in the high-tech industry during this period. Women made large gains in relative real median wages only in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry while their relative real median wages in other skill occupations and in the low-tech industry stagnated around zero during this period. Men’s gains in relative median wages were also concentrated only in the high-tech industry but were less than half of women’s and were negative (between ?10 and ?21 percent) in other occupations in the high-tech industry and across all occupations in the low-tech industry. As noted in previous studies, the impact of job polarization is not well understood across sectors and gender. This study finds the high-tech industry in Austin has had unintended consequences in terms of job polarization across gender, providing relatively fewer job opportunities in high-skill occupations to women than men but offering much higher gains in relative real median wages to women than men. Males also found relatively more job opportunities in high-skill occupations in the high-tech industry than women but experienced only half of women’s gains in relative median wages in this industry between 1980 and 2015. 相似文献