AEG-Telefunken TR 440: Struktur und Technologie

Zusammenfassung  Der Telefunkenrechner TR 440 war bei seiner Fertigstellung 1970 die schnellste bisher in Europa entwickelte und produzierte Maschine. 46 Maschinen wurden in Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, bei Beh?rden und in der Industrie installiert. Der TR 440 folgte dem 1962 fertig gestellten TR 4, der auf demselben Markt durch Leistungsf?higkeit und sein innovatives Compilerkonzept eine wichtige Stellung erobert hatte. Der TR 440 wurde als Maschine für den Teilnehmerbetrieb entwickelt. Die Maschine war einer der ersten gro?en Rechner mit integrierten Schaltungen. Sie verfügte über Seitenadressierung und ein ausgefeiltes System von privilegierten Funktionen. Die Leistung des Prozessors betrug knapp 1 Mips, die Hauptspeicherkapazit?t 1.5 MB. Ausgangspunkt, Struktur und Technologie werden aus heutiger Sicht beschrieben. Ein Nachfolgeprodukt, TR 550, wurde konzipiert, aber nicht mehr entwickelt. Die Wertsch?tzung des TR 440 bei den Nutzern ging wesentlich auf die Systemsoftware zurück, die Gegenstand eines anderen Beitrages ist [6].

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The Telefunken TR 440 Computer was, at its deployment in 1970, the fastest machine developed and manufactured so far in Europe. 46 of them were installed in scientific institutions, agencies, and industry. The TR 440 was the successor of the TR 4 of 1962, which on the same market had gained an important position by its performance and its innovative compiler concept. TR 440 was designed for timesharing operation. The machine was one of the first large scale computers to use integrated circuits. It had page addressing and a refined system of privileged functions. The instruction rate approached 1 Mips, the main memory had a capacity of 1.5 MB. Point of departure, structure and technology are described from the point of view of today. A follow-on product, TR 550, was conceived but not developed. The appreciation TR 440 gained among its users was primarily due to its system software, which is described in a further paper [6]. TR 440 structure and technology is also subject of a paper submitted to the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

     

A measure of acculturation for Italian Canadians: scale development and construct validation

Conceptualizations of the immigrant adaptation process are diverse and often incongruous. There is also a lack of agreement in the interpretation and measurement of constructs underlying the notion of changing ethnicity. In an effort to resolve these differences, this study initially presents a conceptual framework for changing ethnicity by delineating and then integrating its key underlying aspects. This is followed by the development and validation of a multidimensional measure of acculturation for Italian Canadians—one aspect of their ethnic change. Construct validation is based on confirmatory factor analyses of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data. Once validated, the measure is used for an investigation of the relationships between acculturation and some aspects of gender-role perceptions of Italian-Canadian spouses. The paper is concluded with a brief discussion on the possibility of extending the application of our measure to other ethnic groups in North America.     

Delivery of Career Development Information in the Context of Information Computer Technology

Clients walking into resources centers are experiencing difficulty locating relevant information and using it effectively in the decision-making process. Many affective, cognitive or technical constraints are influencing clients when interacting with the information and new technologies. What perspectives should the intervention be concerned with as regards the information and decision-making process? How can the human and physical resources be used in an optimal manner to meet information needs associated with the different stages of people's lives? The specificity of these different components and the circular nature of their dynamic form the backdrop for this study.     

A monozygotic twin difference study of friends' aggression and children's adjustment problems

This study used the monozygotic (MZ) twin difference method to examine whether differences in friends' aggression increased the differences in MZ twins' aggression and depressive symptoms from kindergarten to Grade 1 and whether perceived victimization by the friend played a mediating role in this context. Participants were 223 MZ twin pairs. Results showed that differences in kindergarten friends' aggression significantly predicted an increased difference in MZ twins' aggression from kindergarten (mean age = 6.7 years) to Grade 1 (mean age = 7.5 years) for both boys and girls. Differences in perceived victimization by the friend mediated this association, albeit only in boys. Differences in perceived victimization by the friend also predicted an increase in MZ twins' differences in depressive symptoms. These results support the importance of friendship experiences during early childhood.     

Examining genetic and environmental effects on social aggression: a study of 6-year-old twins

Using a genetic design of 234 six-year-old twins, this study examined (a) the contribution of genes and environment to social versus physical aggression, and (b) whether the correlation between social and physical aggression can be explained by similar genetic or environmental factors or by a directional link between the phenotypes. For social aggression, substantial (shared and unique) environmental effects but only weak genetic effects were found. For physical aggression, significant effects of genes and unique environment were found. Bivariate modeling suggests that social and physical aggression share most of their underlying genes but only very few overlapping environmental factors. The correlation between the two phenotypes can also be explained by a directional effect from physical to social aggression.     

Linkages between children's and their friends' social and physical aggression: evidence for a gene-environment interaction?

Based on a sample of 406 seven-year-old twins, this study examined whether exposure to friends' social or physical aggression, respectively, moderates the effect of heritability on children's own social and physical aggression. Univariate analyses showed that children's own social and physical aggression were significantly explained by genetic factors, whereas friends' social and physical aggression represented "true" environmental factors that were unrelated to children's genetic dispositions. Multivariate analyses further suggested a possible gene-environment interaction in the link between friends' and children's physical aggression but not in the link between friends' and children's social aggression. Instead, friends' social aggression was directly related to children's social aggression, in addition to genetic effects on this behavior. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.     

Facilitating effects of exercise on information processing

The aim of this study was to examine the facilitating effects of moderate physical exercise on the reaction process to gain a better understanding of the interaction between physiological and cognitive processes. Sixteen participants with specific expertise in decision-making sports performed a double task consisting of choice reaction time while cycling. Signal quality, stimulus-response compatibility and time uncertainty were manipulated. Participants were tested at rest and while cycling at 20% and at 50% of their maximal aerobic power. A mood assessment questionnaire and a critical flicker fusion test were administered before and after the choice reaction time task. The results showed that moderate-intensity exercise (50% maximal aerobic power) improves cognitive performance and that low-intensity exercise (20% maximal aerobic power) enables participants to compensate the negative dual-task effect.