A Comparison of Traditional versus Programed Methods of Learning Tennis

Abstract

Two college service classes, each containing 20 subjects, were taught beginning tennis skills. The traditionally taught Group (Group A), and the programed group (Group B), were first determined homogeneous in height, weight, the Hewitt Revised Dyer Backboard Tennis Test (HRDBTT), and the American College Test before the teaching methods were initiated. After 14 periods of instruction, the groups were compared on various measures. The results of the study indicated that: (1) the general skill level of the groups, as measured by the Hewitt Revised Dyer Backboard Tennis Test, and a single-elimination tournament, was not significantly different; (2) the traditionally taught group improved significantly in general skills while the programed group did not; and (3) the programed group received better subjective rating scores on form than did the traditionally taught group.     

Gender and access in the African school

The educational system in major parts of Africa, where post-primary enrolment rates are the lowest in the world, is treated in this article. In particular, female access patterns to formal education in Botswana, Liberia, Niger and Somalia are compared. One primary conclusion reached by the authors is that enrolment levels are linked with general economic development. Factors leading to the comparatively high rate of females having gained access to a primary level of education on the one hand, and a very low rate of post-primary enrolment on the other, are discussed and the following issues are touched on: the marginal link between school expansion policies and actual female enrolment, and their predominance in the urban sector.

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Zusammenfassung In diesem Artikel wird das Erziehungssystem in großen Teilen Afrikas besprochen, wo die postprimare Einschulungsraten die niedrigsten der Welt sind. Insbesondere wird der Anteil von Mädchen und Frauen in formalen Bildungsstätten in Botswana, Liberia, Niger und Somalia verglichen. Die Zwischenbilanz der Verfasser zeigt, daß die Einschulungsraten an die allgemeine wirtschaftliche Entwicklung gekoppelt sind. Die Faktoren, die zu einer vergleichsweise hohen Anzahl von Mädchen und Frauen auf der Primarstufe der Bildungsstätte auf der einen Seite und einem sehr niedrigen Anteil im postprimaren Bereich auf der anderen Seite führen, werden diskutiert. In diesem Zusammenhang werden die folgenden Fragen gestreift: Die marginale Verbindung von der Expansionspolitik der Schulen und dem derzeitigen Anteil von Mädchen und Frauen in Bildungsstätten sowie deren Überwiegen im urbanen Bereich.

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Résumé Dans le cadre d'une analyse empirique des structures d'accès des femmes à l'éducation formelle en Afrique, on compare les développements et les tendances dans différents pays tels le Botswana, le Liberia, le Niger et la Somalie. Les auteurs soulignent, en guise de conclusion essentielle, que les effectifs sont liés au développement économique général. L'accès des femmes à l'éducation dépend également de l'expansion du système d'éducation dans son ensemble. On analyse les facteurs permettant un taux relativement élevé de femmes ayant eu accès à l'enseignement primaire d'une part, et le taux très bas des effectifs post-primaires d'autre part. Les problèmes suivants sont soulevés: le lien marginal entre les politiques d'expansion scolaire et les effectifs actuels des femmes, et leur prédominance dans le secteur urbain.

     

Gender differences in employment and starting salaries of business majors during the 1980s: The impact of college-acquired characteristics

This study identifies changes in employment and starting salary gaps among business graduates by gender during the 1980s. Although national data indicate that both employment conditions and earnings improved for women in general over the past decade, our results indicate that, at least for a select group of younger women, labor market conditions were mixed. First, female graduates majoring in business found it less difficult, both in absolute and relative terms, to secure full-time employment after graduation throughout the 1980s. That is, the employment success rate for these females increased relative to their male counterparts. Second, regardless of whether mean, regression, or decomposition analysis is used to calculate the gender gap in starting salaries, the gap continued to increase throughout the last decade. In addition, both the regression and decomposition results suggest that the mean starting salaries gap underestimated the actual gap for the two periods studied. Finally, the study suggests that of the college-acquired characteristics found to be significant determinants of employment success and starting salaries in the early 1980s, only academic achievement continued to play a significant positive role by the end of the decade.     

Acknowledgments to Reviewers

Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments to Reviewers     

Using the Concrete-Representational-Abstract Sequence to Teach Conceptual Understanding of Place Value,Rounding, and Expanded Notation

This study investigated the effects of a place value intervention with third-grade students with learning disabilities. The intervention added content to a research-based intervention using the concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) sequence. The added content reflected current mathematics standards for third grade. Students’ place value understanding was measured using probes in which students had to identify the value of each digit within a three-digit number, round three-digit numbers to the nearest 10 or 100, and write three equations showing an expanded form of a three-digit number. A single-case, multiple-probe-across-students design showed a functional relation between CRA and completion of items requiring place value understanding. Students completed a generalization task by estimating the sum of a given equation.     

Factors Influencing Scientific Achievements of Medical Students in the Anatomy Research Group: An Analysis From the Autonomous University of Nuevo León in Mexico

Scientific research and student involvement are critical to the formation of physicians, yet the number of medical researchers has decreased over time. To implement corrective strategies, the variables associated with positive research attitudes and productivity among medical students must be identified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variables associated with students interested or involved in research. A validated questionnaire was applied to the student members of an established anatomy research group in a Mexican medical school with a six-year medical program. Data were collected and analyzed. A total of 85.5% (n = 77/90) students answered the survey with most respondents being second-year medical students. The majority of respondents indicated that the important component of conducting research was a contribution to the new knowledge (45.5%) and to the scientific community (42.9%). More than half of respondents mentioned a professor or a peer as the initial motivation to become involved in research. Lack of time was the main limitation (59.7%) to research involvement. Perceived benefits were knowledge and team work skills. Of those involved, most (85.7%) wished to continue participating in research as a complement to their clinical work. Professors and student colleagues were found to play an important motivational and recruitment role for medical research. These efforts in turn have developed into long-lasting mentor-mentee relationships. Students also anticipated that early involvement in research will positively influence the likelihood of future physicians' contribution and collaboration in research.