Context Strengthens Initial Misinterpretations of Text

Three self-paced reading experiments examined the effect of context on interpreting subsequent sentences and in the difficulty of revising initial misinterpretations of subsequent temporarily ambiguous sentences. Target sentences containing noun phrase/sentence (NP/S) coordination ambiguities were preceded by contexts that either did or did not support the preferred, incorrect “NP and NP” interpretation. Online reading times and offline comprehension question responses were the dependent variables. Results suggest that when propositional content of incoming text is consistent with propositional content of the context, readers often hang on to the resulting coherent interpretation even when subsequent input contradicts it. Results also suggest that (a) context affects reading times and final interpretation; (b) when context and comprehension questions bias readers toward the incorrect interpretation, even unambiguous sentences are regularly misinterpreted; and (c) both semantic content and syntactic form of context influence how the context and subsequent text are integrated in memory.     

Supporting Programming and Learning-to-Program with an Integrated CAD and Scaffolding Workbench*

Programming is a complex cognitive task for students, because of the difficulty of finding the appropriate elements (the “decomposition” problem) and integrating them correctly into a whole (the “composition” problem). Programming is also hard to learn, because so much of the thinking behind a program is implicit and the process of programming is long and complicated. Our approach is to integrate a computer-aided design tool (CAD) with scaffolding to create a single, cohesive, and coherent workbench for the entire process. Our workbench is called the GPCeditor. We have evaluated its use by high-school students. Our results suggest that students program well in the GPCeditor, they learn good programming practices, and that the learning is occurring through use of the GPCeditor.     

谈高校后勤服务品牌的建立

高校后勤服务品牌的建立旨在形成差别优势,赢得市场。高校后勤社会化改革进程中出现服务质量问题、服务价格设定问题、服务形象树立与宣传问题等,后勤服务品牌建立是解决这些问题、突破困境的经营策略。高校后勤服务品牌建立的途径有员工队伍整体素质提高、服务成本降低、服务形象展示与宣传等。     

中国秸秆优质化能源开发利用特征及影响因素

为考察中国秸秆优质化能源开发利用特征,本文在分析中国2009—2016年秸秆优质化能源产量年际变化、区域分布及结构特征的基础上,采用增强回归树方法定量分析了秸秆优质化能源开发利用水平的省际差异及其影响因素。结果表明：中国秸秆优质化能源产量从2009年的119.63万t标准煤上升到2016年的508.51万t标准煤,以生物气化和固化成型为主,其中生物气化比重逐渐下降,固化成型比重迅速上升。全国秸秆优质化能源开发利用水平均值从2009年的7.54 kg标准煤/hm ²上升到2016年的30.51 kg标准煤/hm ²。供给、需求和环境因素对其省际差异的贡献率分别为37.10%、35.60%和22.30%。秸秆优质化能源开发利用水平总体上随着粮食作物播种面积比例、农村居民人均纯收入、农村人均用电量和农村能源财政投入的上升而上升,随着人均耕地面积和机耕面积比例的上升而下降,随着饲草需求强度的上升呈先上升后下降趋势。当前中国秸秆优质化能源开发利用很大程度上依赖于农村经济发展水平的提高和行政力量的推动。西北、东北和华中等地区应加强对秸秆优质化能源开发利用的财政和科技支持力度。     

“Not exactly a model of good hygiene”: theorizing an aesthetic of disgust in the Occupy Wall Street movement

This article explores the pathologizing of social protesters by theorizing an aesthetic of disgust in Occupy Wall Street media coverage. By cataloguing the hygienic deviance of the Occupy movement, I aim to illuminate an important countermobilization technique that disciplines and contains the grotesque function of the Occupy encampments. Examining media coverage of the Occupy movement, I show how aesthetic dimensions—including visual and olfactory sensations related to the bodies of the protesters and their encampments—were used to establish a relationship among hygienic deviance, moral impurity, economic failure, and ultimately the disposal of the protesters. I close by connecting an aesthetic of disgust to larger conceptual issues related to the viability of social protest in an era of neoliberal governmentality.     

Social Media in the Funeral Industry: On the Digitization of Grief

This article explores how innovations in the funeral industry borrow from the technological affordances, commercial logics, cultural norms, and affective registers of social media platforms. Based on ethnographic research of funeral industry conventions, we analyze examples of funeral planning tools, funeral service mediation, and digital memorialization products. We consider how these products aim to capture forms of data, affect, and value as part of the funeral industry’s efforts to shore up their historically intermediary relevance in the face of potential “disruption” from technological innovation, and threats of marginalization posed by shifting norms of networked grieving and commemoration in digital culture     

大力发展科技咨询业 促进浙江经济发展

蓬勃发展的科技咨询业是实现决策科学化，民主化的重要环节，是提高企事业单位及各类工程的经济效益与社会效益的重要途径，是科技商品化，市场化的纽带，在实施浙江省“科教兴省”的宏伟战略目标中起着越来越重要的作用，如何促进科技咨询业的迅速发展，对于推推动科学与经济结合，优化资源配置，促进市场经济有序发展，实现浙江经济腾飞，具有深远的意义。     

Children in care or in need: educational progress at home and in care

ABSTRACT

By age 16 the attainment of most children in or on the edge of out of home care has fallen well behind the average for their age. This paper uses the English National Pupil Database to examine how much of this falling behind occurs before the age of seven, and how any subsequent decline relates to time in care as against time outside it. We compare the previous progress of three groups of 16-year-olds: 5175 looked after by the state (CLA), 17,392 in need but not in care (CIN), and 22,567 children matched with the CLA or CIN on initial attainment, special educational needs, and eligibility for free school meals. We found that the attainment of the CIN and those CLA not yet in care was around one standard deviation below the cohort average at age seven. It then fell relative to their peers while their rate of unauthorised absences and exclusions grew. Removal from home to care appeared to halt or greatly reduce this decline but did not, on average, reverse it. We conclude that educational interventions for CLA should also include CIN, start before seven, target both school and family, and exploit the educational opportunity which care provides.     

Retrieval Practice Benefits Deductive Inference

Retrieval practice has been shown to benefit learning. However, the benefit has sometimes been attenuated with more complex materials that require integrating multiple units of information. Critically, Tran et al. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 135–140 (2015) found that retrieval practice improves sentence memory but not the drawing of inferences from the same sentences. In three experiments, we investigated whether this lack of benefit of retrieval practice for inferential ability was due to the presentation format of the material. Participants studied four sets of seven to nine related sentences by practicing retrieval for two sets and rereading the other two sets. A final test was given 2 days later. When sentences were presented one at a time during study/practice as in Tran et al., we found no effect of retrieval practice on a test requiring inferential reasoning. When sentences in a set were presented simultaneously during study/practice, retrieval practice in the form of fill-in-the-blank testing (experiments 1 and 2) and free recall (experiment 3) aided later deductive inference more than rereading. Our findings suggest that retrieval practice can improve deductive inference, but in order to optimize its utility, the format in which the material is presented during practice must not hinder relational processing of the individual sentences.