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971.
Knut?SchwippertEmail author Wilfried?Bos Eva-Maria?Lankes 《Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft》2004,7(2):219-234
Zusammenfassung Die Gender bezogene Forschung der letzten Jahre setzte sich insbesondere mit Differenzen in mathematischen und naturwissenschaftlichen
Kompetenzen auseinander, w?hrend die Unterschiede im Leseverst?ndnis weniger Beachtung fanden. Dabei sind national wie auch
international die Befunde von gro? angelegten Schulvergleichsstudien konsistent: M?dchen lernen schneller und besser lesen,
und auch wenn die Jungen in der Sekundarstufe aufholen, so erreichen sie den Stand der M?dchen auch im Jugendalter noch nicht.
Anhand der 2001 durchgeführten Internationalen Grundschul-Lese-Untersuchung (IGLU) wird untersucht, ob der Vorsprung der M?dchen
im Leseverst?ndnis schon in der Grundschule angelegt ist. Anhand differenzieller Item Analysen wird der Frage nachgegangen,
ob sich auch bei einzelnen Fragen systematische Unterschiede zwischen M?dchen und Jungen nachweisen lassen. Anhand der Analysen
kann gezeigt werden, dass geringe Geschlechtsdifferenzen bezüglich des Frageformats (offenes Antwortformat vs. Multiple Choice) und den Leseleistungen bei literarischen und Informationstexten bestehen. Bei Betrachtung der in IGLU getesteten Verstehensaspekte
ergeben sich keine Differenzen zwischen Jungen und M?dchen. Hingegen ist bezüglich der Aufgabenschwierigkeiten ein Zusammenhang
mit geschlechtsspezifischen L?sungsh?ufigkeiten festzustellen, was ?ltere Befunde stützt, die gezeigt haben, dass M?dchen
routinierter lesen. Als m?gliche Konsequenz dieser Untersuchung k?nnte die Anregung gegeben werden, im Unterricht vermehrt
Leseanreize zu geben, welche Jungen eher ansprechen, um sie so zum vermehrten Lesen zu führen. In sp?teren Untersuchungen
w?re dann zu kl?ren, ob die Jungen so mehr Sicherheit bei routinierten Leseaufgaben erreichen k?nnten und ggf. zu dem von
M?dchen gezeigten Niveau des Leseverst?ndnisses aufschlie?en k?nnten.
Summary Over the last few years research has particularly concerned itself with gender differences between competencies in mathematics and natural sciences, whilst differences in reading comprehension have had little attention. At the same time, national and international evidence from large-scale school comparisons has shown consistently that girls learn to read faster and better. Even when boys catch up at secondary level, they do not reach the girl’ standard in their teens. On the basis of the international reading study IGLU carried out in 2001, this contribution will ask whether the girl’ head-start can already be observed at primary school level. Using differential item-analysis, the question of whether answers to individual questions show systematic differences will be investigated. The analysis shows only small gender differences regarding question format (open questions vs. multiple choice) and reading performance for literary and informational texts. Also, no differences between boys and girls can be found in the aspects of comprehension tested for in the IGLU-study. However, there is a connection between the level of task difficulty and the frequency of solving tasks by gender, which supports previous evidence that girls read more proficiently. A possible consequence of this study could be the using of reading incentives in class, which are particularly aimed at boys, to encourage their reading. Further studies would have to investigate whether boys achieve an improved confidence in tasks calling for reading proficiency and are therefore able to reach the standards of reading comprehension set by the girls.相似文献
972.
Huber, Taborsky, and Rechberger (2001) reported an experiment in which the efficiency with which captive keas opened a complex
food container was increased by observation of a skilled conspecific. However, only testing social learning in free-ranging
animals can demonstrate social learning in natural conditions. For that purpose, a tube-lifting paradigm was developed and
tested on keas both in captivity and in Mount Cook National Park, New Zealand. The task was to remove a tube from an upright
pole in order to gain access to a reward inside the tube. The top of the pole was higher than a standing kea, so that, to
remove the tube, an individual had to simultaneously climb onto the pole and manipulate the tube up the pole with its bill.
Because only 1 naive bird managed to remove a tube twice in 25 halfhour sessions and disappeared after success, another bird
was trained to solve the task and to provide demonstrations for others. Even under such conditions, only 2 of at least 15
birds learned to remove the tube in 28 sessions. There was no indication that observer birds’ use of bill and feet when exploring
the tube changed as the number of observations of tube removal increased in a way that would, in principle, increase the likelihood
of tube removal. The results suggest a dissociation of social learning potential as assessed in laboratory animals, and social
transmission of foraging techniques in natural populations. 相似文献
973.
This article on secondary schools science laboratories in Portugal focuses on how school space functions as a pedagogical and political instrument by contributing to shape the conditions for teaching and learning dynamics. The article places the impact of changes to school layouts within the larger context of a public school renovation programme, discussing how school space functions as a pedagogical and political instrument. The focus is on science laboratories as a particular learning environment for science education. The study, conducted between 2010 and 2011 in 13 renovated schools within the framework of the Portuguese Secondary School Modernisation Programme, drew on document analysis, interviews, pupil and teacher surveys and site-specific focus groups. One of the main findings is that teachers found that science laboratories were the most controversial and debated of all the renovated learning spaces. Considering that the science laboratory layout was intended to be universal across all schools, there was little intervention by the architects responsible for the renovation of the schools. Focusing on the analysis of the decision to change the science laboratory design within the aims of the education policy, this article discusses how teachers’ criticisms were a response to some of the educational policy goals underlying the renovation of school buildings and the potential impact on science education, namely, the relationship between flexibility of space organisation and pedagogical approaches. 相似文献
974.
Maria ?kerman 《Environmental Education Research》2005,11(1):37-52
At the time of its introduction at the end of the 1980s, the concept of natural capital represented new, more ecologically aware thinking in economics. As a symbol of novel thinking, the metaphor of natural capital stimulated a debate between different disciplinary traditions on the definitions of the concept and research priorities and methods. The concept became a means to control the discourse of sustainable development. In this paper, I focus on the power/knowledge implications of the use of the concept, and I follow the career of the concept of natural capital in ecological economic publications between the years 1988 and 2000. The main interests are: (1) in the use of the concept to affect the rules according to which claims concerning sustainable development can be made and (2) in the constitution of objects of environmental knowledge. 相似文献
975.
In this study, we compared the performances on an enumeration task (numerical labeling task) of 1 chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and 4 humans. In this task, two types of trials, with different exposure durations of the sample that was to be enumerated, were used. In the unlimited-exposure trials, the sample remained on until the subject made a choice. In the brief-exposure trials, the sample was presented for 100 msec and then was masked. The results show clear differences between the different species. The main differences had to do with accuracy during the unlimited trials and response times during the brief trials. Detailed analyses of the pattern of response times for the chimpanzee and of looking-back behavior during the task suggests that the enumeration process underlying the subject’s performance was not counting but estimation. 相似文献
976.
977.
AbstractThe arrangement of response options in multiple-choice (MC) items, especially the location of the most attractive distractor, is considered critical in constructing high-quality MC items. In the current study, a sample of 496 undergraduate students taking an educational assessment course was given three test forms consisting of the same items but the positions of the most attractive distractor varied across the forms. Using a multiple-indicators–multiple-causes (MIMIC) approach, the effects of the most attractive distractor's positions on item difficulty were investigated. The results indicated that the relative placement of the most attractive distractor and the distance between the most attractive distractor and the keyed option affected students’ response behaviors. Moreover, low-achieving students were more susceptible to response-position changes than high-achieving students. 相似文献
978.
Jongho?ShinEmail author Christine?A.?Espin Stanley?L.?Deno Scott?McConnell 《Asia Pacific Education Review》2004,5(2):136-148
The main purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how to apply the Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) technique to multi-wave
Curriculum-Based Measurement (CBM) measures in modeling academic growth and assessing its relations to student- and instruction-related
variables. HLM has advantages over other statistical methods (e.g., repeated measures ANOVA, Structural Equation Modeling)
in modeling academic growth. The advantages include allowing more flexible research designs in collecting multiple data points
and estimating growth rates and their relations to correlates in more reliable, accurate ways. CBM, as a multi-wave progressmonitoring
system, also has distinctive psychometric features that facilitate longitudinal research on academic skill development. These
features include provision of multiple data points within short time periods, good validity and reliability, and sensitivity
for detecting small degrees of change. Finally, research questions related to assessing the academic growth of students with
learning difficulties and using assessment results to improve educational practices for them are discussed 相似文献
979.
How to realize a negative refractive index material at the atomic level in an optical frequency range? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
INTRODUCTION Recently, a new type of artificial compositematerials (so-called left-handed media or negativerefractive index media) whose electric permittivityand magnetic permeability are simultaneouslynegative (corresponding to a negative refractiveindex) over a certain frequency band has attractedconsiderable attention due to its extraordinaryelectromagnetic properties (Pendry, 2000; Shelbyet al., 2001; Grbic and Eleftheriades, 2004; Chen eal., 2004). The negative refractive inde… 相似文献
980.
Wei-Kai?Liou Kaushal?Kumar?Bhagat Chun-Yen?ChangEmail authorView authors OrcID profile 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2018,66(2):545-561
The aim of this study is to design and implement a digital interactive globe system (DIGS), by integrating low-cost equipment to make DIGS cost-effective. DIGS includes a data processing unit, a wireless control unit, an image-capturing unit, a laser emission unit, and a three-dimensional hemispheric body-imaging screen. A quasi-experimental study was conducted to evaluate the learning effectiveness of our system. A total of 105 junior high-school students from Taiwan participated in this 8-week experiment. The students were divided into three individual groups of 35 students each, with one control group and two experimental groups (EG1 and EG2). The results of one-way mixed design ANOVA indicated that participants in the experimental group, who used the DIGS, outperformed the other two groups, in the post-test as well as in the delayed test. These findings demonstrate that the proposed DIGS can effectively enhance the performance of the learners in an Earth Science course. 相似文献