Olympic Stadiums and Cultural Heritage: On the Nature and Status of Heritage Values in Large Sport Facilities

This paper investigates Olympic stadium heritage values and their cultural significance. It outlines the main challenges in stadium conservation through the interplay between bequest and use values. A value analysis of listed Olympic stadiums reveals that these are characterized by a specific heritage profile, related to the uniqueness and singularity of the buildings, of the landscape and of the sporting event. The history of architecture and sport are clearly interwoven in these places, as Olympic stadiums appear as testimonies of the evolution of sport and its status for past and present societies. Such an interpretation of Olympic stadium heritage could allow a better Olympic and sporting heritage evaluation and conservation, especially if the ensemble of existing Olympic stadiums was considered as a World Heritage network.     

Rats show preference for delayed rewards on the radial maze

Rats on an eight-arm radial maze chose between four arms on which a small reward could be obtained after a short delay and four arms on which a larger reward could be obtained after a longer delay. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that rats preferred the long-delay, large-reward arms over the short-delay, small-reward arms. This preference was particularly marked when the arms were made into enclosed alleys. Experiment 3 showed that this effect was not produced by a preference for staying in enclosed alleys. We argue that the rats endured longer delays to obtain larger rewards when fear of predation was minimized.     

Four-component instructional design (4C/ID) model: a meta-analysis on use and effect

Learning Environments Research - The four-component instructional design model (4C/ID) has been increasingly used in face-to-face and online learning environments. We present a meta-analysis on the...