从语用角度探索中小城市社会矛盾的化解问题

中小城市社会矛盾的化解问题关系到我国城市化进程的顺利推进以及和谐社会的构建。运用语用学理论和研究成果,能够为社会矛盾的化解提供新的视角和有效途径。从语用角度来看,保障话语权为矛盾化解提供了基本前提,合理运用语用原则、语用策略为矛盾化解提供了有效方法,而要想使这种方法发挥更大的作用,则需要建立对话协商的长效机制。     

“言事相兼”的叙事范本——论文学特质在《左传》中的彰显

《左传》作为我国第一部成熟的编年体史书,以其叙述的典范性为后世史传文学和叙事文学奠定了坚实的基础。其在叙事方式上亦史亦文的特点,以及它在叙事方式中体现的思想性和兼容性,都超越了之前所有的历史著作。文章以叙事角度进行文本分析,藉由对《左传》叙事结构、表现形式及其话语的把握,凸显它作为一部史书的浓厚文学特质。     

Helping Homeless Families Overcome Barriers to Successful Functioning

The author articulates key stressors in the lives of families who are homeless. These stresses often combine with barriers such as lack of job opportunities and/or insensitive professionals. Strategies for helping homeless families overcome these barriers and related issues are presented.     

全过程工程咨询背景下工程项目管理课程教学改革实践

培育全过程工程咨询是建筑行业目前发展的重点,"工程项目管理"课程教学应与时俱进,理论联系实际。该文在分析工程项目管理课程特点和发展现状的基础上,探讨全过程工程咨询引发行业变革,基于全过程工程咨询背景下,从课程内容、学习模式、评价体系三方面对"工程项目管理"课程教学进行了改革实践,取得了良好的效果,以期为"工程项目管理"课程教学提供参考和借鉴。     

The Effects of a Kit-Based Science Curriculum and Intensive Science Professional Development on Elementary Student Science Achievement

The science achievement of 226 5th graders from districts that have a kit-based inquiry science curriculum supported by intensive professional development (PD) is compared with data from a group of 173 5th graders from other districts that use nonkit science materials and do not have systematic science PD for teachers. Within the kit-based project, the sample of project teachers is stratified to select teachers with a high number of science PD hours versus those with few hours. While there were no significant differences in the mean total scores for kit-based students with low PD versus high PD teachers, the kit-based classrooms scored significantly higher than students in nonkit classrooms on both the pretest and posttest, though there were significantly more minutes of science instruction in the nonkit classrooms. Finally, nonkit teachers taught more units of shorter length and reported lower levels of preparedness to use reform pedagogical approaches.     

The relation of multiple-schedule behavioral contrast to deprivation,time in session,and within-session changes in responding

Pigeons' keypecking was reinforced by food on baseline schedules of multiple variable interval (VI) x VI x and on contrast schedules of multiple VI x VI y. Deprivation of food was varied by maintaining subjects at 75%, 85%, and 95% (+/- 2%) of their free-feeding weights. Positive and negative behavioral contrast were observed. The size of the contrast was not systematically altered by changes in deprivation. Positive and negative contrast were both larger later in the session than they were earlier. Within-session decreases in responding were steeper for the baseline than for the contrast schedules for positive contrast. Within-session decreases were steeper for the contrast than for the baseline schedules for negative contrast. These results were predicted by the idea that different amounts of habituation to the reinforcer during the baseline and contrast schedules contribute to behavioral contrast. The results show that contrast occurs under conditions that reduce the effect of the following component. The results support the assumption that positive and negative contrast are produced by symmetrical theoretical variables.     

Impact of brief or extended extinction of a taste aversion on inhibitory associations: Evidence from summation,retardation, and preference tests

In five conditioned taste aversion experiments with rats, summation, retardation, and preference tests were used to assess the effects of extinguishing a conditioned saccharin aversion for three or nine trials. In Experiment 1, a summation test showed that saccharin aversion extinguished over nine trials reduced the aversion to a merely conditioned flavor (vinegar), whereas three saccharin extinction trials did not subsequently influence the vinegar aversion. Experiment 2 clarified that result, with unpaired controls equated on flavor exposure prior to testing; the results with those controls suggested that the flavor extinguished for nine trials produced generalization decrement during testing. In Experiment 3, the saccharin aversion reconditioned slowly after nine extinction trials, but not after three. Those results suggested the development of latent inhibition after more than three extinction trials. Preference tests comparing saccharin consumption with a concurrently available fluid (water in Experiment 4, saline in Experiment 5) showed that the preference for saccharin was greater after nine extinction trials than after three. However, saccharin preference after nine extinction trials was not greater, as compared with that for either latent inhibition controls (Experiments 4 and 5) or a control given equated exposures to saccharin and trained to drink saline at a high rate prior to testing (Experiment 5). Concerns about whether conditioned inhibition has been demonstrated in any flavor aversion procedure are discussed. Our findings help explain both successes and failures in demonstrating postextinction conditioned response recovery effects reported in the conditioned taste aversion literature, and they can be explained using a memory interference account.     

师生冲突的概念界定与分类探究——基于刘易斯·科塞的冲突分类理论

论文通过借鉴和辨析社会学理论中的冲突概念,对师生冲突概念作出界定。根据美国当代社会学家刘易斯·科塞的冲突分类理论,对学校师生冲突进行分类研究。在此基础上提出了三个观点:学校师生冲突的多数属于非现实性冲突;师生结构由紧密走向松散是师生冲突增多的重要原因;师生冲突具有一定的正面功能。     

Land degradation,government subsidy,and smallholders’ conservation decision: the case of the loess plateau in China

Land degradation is one of the severe environmental problems in China. In order to combat land degradation, a soil conservation program was introduced since 2000 to reduce soil erosion by converting slope-cultivated land into forestry and pasture. This paper represents the first systematic attempt to investigate the impact of the soil conservation program on land degradation in the loess plateau. The results indicate that the soil conservation program to convert slope fields into forest or pasture is an effective way to combat soil erosion. However, a subsidy that is higher than profit of land use activity of slope fields before their conversion into forest and pasture is needed to encourage farmers to join the conservation program. A policy measure to encourage and assist farmers to develop sedentary livestock by using crops produced from fields as well as fodder and forage grass from the converted slope fields might contribute to combat soil erosion. Increase in off-farm job opportunities may encourage households to reduce cultivation in slope fields. That implies a policy measure to encourage rural urbanization might contribute to combat soil erosion.     

“三个代表”重要思想是邓小平理论发展的历史必然和逻辑必然

“三个代表”重要思想是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想和邓小平理论的继承和发展 ;它反映了当代世界和中国的发展变化对党和国家工作的新要求 ,是加强和改进党的建设、推进我国社会主义自我完善和发展的强大理论武器 ,是全党集体智慧的结晶 ,是党必须长期坚持的指导思想。作为我们党理论创新的最新成果 ,“三个代表”重要思想是邓小平理论当代发展的历史必然和逻辑必然