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81.
Distributed top-k query processing is increasingly becoming an essential functionality in a large
number of emerging application classes. This paper addresses the efficient algebraic optimization of
top-k queries in wide-area distributed data repositories where the index lists for the attribute values
(or text terms) of a query are distributed across a number of data peers and the computational
costs include network latency, bandwidth consumption, and local peer work. We use a dynamic programming
approach to find the optimal execution plan using compact data synopses for selectivity estimation that
is the basis for our cost model. The optimized query is executed in a hierarchical way involving
a small and fixed number of communication phases. We have performed experiments on real web data
that show the benefits of distributed top-k query optimization both in network resource consumption
and query response time. 相似文献
82.
Steffen Ringhof Nina Zeeb Stefan Altmann Rainer Neumann Alexander Woll Thorsten Stein 《European Journal of Sport Science》2019,19(5):557-566
Slackline training has been shown to improve balance and neuromuscular performance. However, recent studies suggested that balance is task-specific, implying that transferability of balance skills is limited and might depend on the similarity of the tasks. This study therefore investigated if short-term slackline training could improve performance in balance tasks that are either more or less similar to the trained slackline task. Furthermore, we assessed potential transfer effects to other neuromuscular performance tests.25 female handball players (23.7?±?3.9 years) participated in our study and were matched to either a slackline training (SLT; n?=?14) or a control group (CON; n?=?11). The intervention comprised 12 sessions with overall 120 minutes of slackline training using single and double slacklines. Slackline standing time and measures of dynamic and static balance were assessed before and after the intervention, as well as power and sprint-related performance parameters.Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA found a significant group?×?time interaction for slackline standing time, indicating larger training effects for SLT. For the remaining dynamic and static balance tests, no significant interactions were found. With regard to neuromuscular performance, there was a significant group?×?time interaction only in change of direction.In essence, the study showed that slackline training induced task-specific balance improvements without affecting general balance. This adds further evidence to the task-specificity principle of balance, although the specificity of the sample as well as the briefness of the intervention should be taken into account when generalizing our findings. Nonetheless, this study contains practical implications for team sports interventions and future balance training studies, highlighting the importance of selecting appropriate balance exercises to yield rapid and the desired training outcomes. 相似文献
83.
This work describes how teacher education programs can inform teachers' knowledge and practice of leadership. We introduce a leadership typology to illustrate how teachers can lead organizational reform for pedagogical excellence and socially just practices. The model provides teacher educators ways to identify and resolve conflicts generated by imparting innovative pedagogies to teachers who in turn use them in antiquated and inequitable school environments. The model can also be used to develop teachers' professional knowledge of the contexts that mitigate or marginalize their leadership potential. Several examples from current teaching practices in teacher education are used to illustrate how teachers develop leadership knowledge. 相似文献
84.
Fannie R. Neumann 《Journal of Jewish Education》2013,79(1):26-36
The question of teacher recruitment for Jewish schools has been on the Jewish community agenda for decades. I have been a practicing Jewish educator for 33 years and in educational administration for 25 years, and I cannot remember a time when there was an abundance of licensed, qualified teachers for Jewish schools. There were always men and women who were available to teach. Most were partially qualified people with some teaching experience. But the fully qualified teacher, especially the one who was effective and successful in the classroom, was a rarity. 相似文献
85.
This article presents an empirical study on an initial learning progression of energy, a concept of central importance to the understanding of science. Learning progressions have been suggested as one vehicle to support the systematic and successful teaching of core science concepts. Ideally, a learning progression will provide teachers with a framework to assess students' level of understanding of a core concept and to guide students towards a more sophisticated level of understanding. Taking existing research as a point of departure, developing a learning progression involves recurring cycles of empirical validation and theoretical refinement. In this article, we report about our efforts in working towards a learning progression of energy. First, we derived an initial learning progression by utilizing existing curriculum, research on students' understanding, and development of students' understanding of energy. Second, we used these sources of guidance to develop a robust measurement instrument, the Energy Concept Assessment (ECA), based on multiple choice questions. Third, we utilized this instrument to assess the understanding of N = 1,856 students from three different grade levels, Grades 6, 8, and 10. Findings provided evidence that students from Grade 6 mostly obtain an understanding of energy forms and energy sources. Students of Grade 8 additionally demonstrate an understanding of energy transfer and transformation, whereas only students of Grade 10, and then only some of these students, achieve a deeper understanding of energy conservation. We discuss the implications of our findings against the background of existing research on students understanding of energy. Finally, further steps in working towards a learning progression of energy are identified. Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt den ersten Schritt in der Entwicklung und Validierung einer Learning Progression für das Energiekonzept; einem Konzept, das zentral für die Entwicklung eines tiefergehenden Versta¨?ndnisses der Naturwissenschaften ist. Learning Progressions sollen das das systematische und erfolgreiche Unterrichten zentraler naturwissenschaftlicher Konzepte unterstützen. Idealerweise sollen Learning Progressions Lehrkräften eine Rahmen bieten, den Entwicklungsstand ihrer Schülerinnen und Schüler hinsichtlich des Verständnisses zentraler naturwissenschaftlicher Konzepte einzuschätzen und Unterricht so zu gestalten, dass er die Entwicklung eines elaborierten Verständnisses befördert. Die Entwicklung einer Learning Progression beginnt mit der theoretischen Begründung einer vorläufigen Learning Progression, gefolgt von iterativen Zyklen empirischer Validierung und Überarbeitung. In diesem Artikel berichten wir über unsere Arbeiten zur Entwicklung einer Learning Progression für das Energiekonzept. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeiten wurde zunächst ausgehend von vorliegenden Befunden zum Verständnis und der Entwicklung des Verständnisses von Energie eine vorläufige Learning Progression begründet. Im zweiten Schritt wurde auf Grundlage der Learning Progression ein entsprechendes Instrument auf Basis von Multiple‐Choice‐Aufgaben entwickelt – das Energy Concept Assessment (ECA). Im dritten und letzten Schritt wurde das Instrument eingesetzt, um das Verständnis von Energie bei N = 1856 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Jahrgänge 6, 8 und 10 zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse unserer Untersuchung legen nahe, dass Schülerinnen und Schüler aus Jahrgang 6 im Wesentlichen über ein Verständnis von Energieformen und –quellen verfügen. Schülerinnen und Schüler aus Jahrgang 8 zeigen darüber hinaus ein Verständnis von Energieumwandlung und –transport. Ein Verständnis von Energieerhaltung ist nur von Schülerinnen und Schüler aus Jahrgang 10 und dann auch nur von einem Teil dieser Schülerinnen und Schüler zu erwarten. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Ergebnisse und der bisherigen Forschung zum Energieverständnis, diskutiert der Artikel weitere Schritte für die die Entwicklung einer Learning Progression für das Energiekonzept. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 50:162–188, 2013 相似文献
86.
Irene Neumann Bettina Rösken-Winter Malte Lehmann Christoph Duchhardt Aiso Heinze Reinhold Nickolaus 《Peabody Journal of Education》2013,88(4):465-476
This article reports about our efforts to determine engineering students' competence in mathematics. Our research is embedded in a larger project, KoM@ING–Modeling and developing competence: Integrated IRT based and qualitative studies with a focus on mathematics and its usage in engineering studies, within the program Modeling and Measuring Competencies in Higher Education (KoKoHS). KoKoHS provides the umbrella organization of several research projects addressing the modeling and measuring of competences at the college level. KoM@ING aims to model the role of engineering students' mathematical competences for their studies from both a quantitative and a qualitative perspective.Here, we report the development of a large-scale instrument assessing engineering freshmen's competence in mathematics by applying Rasch analysis to determine measures for item difficulties and student abilities. Several analyses were performed to provide insights into the measures' reliability and validity. In particular, to examine cognitive validity, we scrutinized students' think-aloud protocols when solving the items to investigate their problem solving abilities as a proxy for item difficulty. Overall, we found first evidence that our instrument is suitable to assess engineering freshmen's competence in mathematics. This instrument may be helpful to conduct further research and to inform those concerned with college organization and policy. 相似文献
87.
Jacob W. Neumann 《Interchange》2013,44(1-2):129-147
Increasing teachers’ dispositions towards critical teaching is a fundamental goal for critical pedagogy. Because critical educational change cannot occur without teachers’ “buy-in,” developing teachers’ inclination to implement critical teaching into their classrooms is a prerequisite for any successful critical pedagogy focused on change in K-12 schools. However, critical educators too often approach K-12 teachers’ dispositions in ways that are at best unproductive and at worst harmful to critical change efforts. Some critical pedagogy exists that approaches teachers’ knowledge and beliefs in “teacher friendly” ways, but most critical pedagogy suffers from the problem of totality and speaks merely to educators who already hold critical dispositions. In response to this problem, this paper identifies and examines three areas in which critical education scholars can work to better connect with a crucial, yet essentially unaddressed constituency: teachers in neighborhood schools. These three areas are critical pedagogy’s audience, teachers’ professional knowledge, and teachers’ beliefs about what constitutes ‘real schools’ and ‘real teachers.’ The paper ends by suggesting approaches to teachers’ dispositions that do not sacrifice the possible to the ideal, that value practical and eclectic change efforts, and that appreciate teachers’ already existing knowledge and beliefs as a foundational medium for developing critical education. 相似文献
88.
89.
90.
Students' motivation plays an important role in successful science learning. However, motivation is a complex construct. Theories of motivation suggests that students' motivation must be conceptualized as a motivational system with numerous components that interact in complex ways and influence metacognitive processes such as self-evaluation. This complexity is further increased because students' motivation and success in science learning influence each other as they develop over time. It is challenging to study the co-development of motivation and learning due to these complex interactions which can vary widely across individuals. Recently, person-centered approaches that capture students' motivational profiles, that is, the multiplicity of motivational factors as they co-occur in students, have been successfully used in educational psychology to better understand the complex interplay between the co-development of students' motivation and learning. We employed a person-centered approach to study how the motivational profiles, constructed from goal-orientation, self-efficacy, and engagement data of N = 401 middle school students developed over the course of a 10-week energy unit and how that development was related to students' learning. We identified four characteristic motivational profiles with varying temporal stability and found that students' learning over the course of the unit was best characterized by considering the type of students' motivational profiles and the transitions that occurred between them. We discuss implications for the design and implementation of interventions and future research into the complex interplay between motivation and learning. 相似文献