Direct regional economic impact of Germany’s 1. FC Kaiserslautern through participation in the 1. Bundesliga

In discussions about the use of public money for popular sports such as clubs in Germany’s 1. Bundesliga, it is often argued that the funds are well invested due to the cash flows generated by these organizations for their home regions. However, others claim the opposite. They argue that actually no positive impact is generated and, even worse, that money is leaving the region due to the clubs. The study presented here analyses the financial flows generated by the 1. FC Kaiserslautern for its home city (Kaiserslautern) and home state (Rhineland-Palatinate) during the 2010/11 season when the club participated in the 1. Bundesliga. Based on a 3-step model, the economic impact is calculated by considering spectator spending and cash flows generated by the business activities of the club. It turns out that additional cash flows of approximately €16.5 million and €25.8 million were generated for the state and the city, respectively.     

A critical analysis and evaluation of Web-based environments for program development

This paper provides a classification, review, and critical analysis of current Web-based interactive programming environments and tools that facilitate learning programming languages and concepts. The focal point of the paper is based on (1) categorizing available programming systems and tools into classes according to their pedagogical approaches; (2) reviewing individual systems; and (3) critically analyzing them according to established standards for instructional design. The paper is intended to provide those seeking to use these resources with a comprehensive survey of the available systems, their succinct evaluation, and their effectiveness.     

'NO OPINION'-FILTERS: A COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE

Research on the use of ‘no opinion’-filters suggeststhat respondents are the less likely to offer a substantiveresponse the more strongly the filter question is worded. Aseries of experiments is reported that demonstrates that filterquestions influence respondents' perception of their task: themore strongly the filter question is worded, the more respondentsassume that they will have to answer difficult questions, andthat they may not have the required knowledge. Accordingly,filter questions discourage respondents from offering globalopinions that they may hold. In line with this assumption, allrespondents who reported not having an opinion in response toa filter question, subsequently provided substantive responseson a global opinion question—presumably because the globalquestion asked was less demanding than expected on the basisof the filter. Analyses of these substantive responses indicatedthat respondents who initially reported not having an opiniondiffered from respondents who reported having one. Methodologicalimplications of these findings for the use of filter questionsand for research on the nature of ‘floating’ arediscussed.     

Konfigurierungskonzepte für DB-basierte technische Entwurfsanwendungen

Zusammenfassung  . Schwerpunkte einer Datenbank-Unterstützung von technischen Entwurfsanwendungen sind eine geeignete Ablaufkontrolle sowie ein geeignetes Datenmodell. Letzteres mu? Versionen komplexer Objekte verwalten k?nnen. Um aus der Gesamtmenge der in einer Datenbank enthaltenen Versionen konsistente Einheiten (Mengen ‚kompatibler’ Versionen) hervorheben zu k?nnen, werden geeignete Konfigurierungskonzepte ben?tigt. Dieses Papier gibt eine Klassifikation verschiedener DB-bezogener Konfigurierungsans?tze, bewertet diese und begründet damit die Wahl, die im Rahmen des Objekt- und Versionsdatenmodells OVM hinsichtlich des zu unterstützenden Konfigurierungskonzeptes getroffen wurde. Wir werden argumentieren, da? insbesondere die Flexibilit?t, die das gew?hlte Konzept sowohl hinsichtlich der Definition von Konfigurationstypen als auch hinsichtlich des Anlegens von Konfigurationen bietet, zu einer besseren Unterstützung von technischen Entwurfsanwendungen als in bestehenden objekt-orientierten Systemen führt. Eingegangen am 14. Oktober 1996/Angenommen am 27. Oktober 1997     

Kind und Jugendlicher in der Gemeinschaft Internationale Werktagung in Salzburg vom 31. Juli bis 4. August 1936

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Human handedness in interactive situations: Negative perceptual frequency effects can be reversed!

Abstract

Left-handed performers seem to enjoy an advantage in interactive sports. Researchers suggest this is predominantly due to the relative scarcity of left-handers compared with right-handers. Such negative frequency-dependent advantages are likely to appear in inefficient game-play behaviour against left-handed opponents such as reduced ability to correctly anticipate left-handers' action intentions. We used a pre–post retention design to test whether such negative frequency-dependent perceptual effects can be reversed via effective training. In a video-based test, 30 handball novices anticipated the shot outcome of temporally occluded handball penalties thrown by right- and left-handed players. Between the pre- and post-tests, participants underwent a perceptual training programme to improve prediction accuracy, followed by an unfilled retention test one week later. Participants were divided into two hand-specific training groups (i.e. only right- or left-handed shots were presented during training) and a mixed group (i.e. both right- and left-handed shots were presented). Our results support the negative frequency-dependent advantage hypothesis, as hand-specific perceptual training led to side-specific improvement of anticipation skills. Similarly, findings provide experimental evidence to support the contention that negatively frequency-dependent selection mechanisms contributed to the maintenance of the handedness polymorphism.     

氮肥种类与施量对油菜种子生育酚的影响(英文)

研究目的:生育酚是菜籽重要的品质指标,氮肥是影响作物生物学与籽粒产量最常用的肥料。这项研究旨在搞清楚氮肥种类与施量对油菜种子生育酚含量与组分的确切影响,以及这种影响在基因型之间的差异。创新要点:这篇论文研究了不同的氮肥种类(硝态氮与铵态氮)与低、中、高施用量对种子生育酚总量与组分的影响,并分析了其中的原因,为通过合理的氮肥施用方案配置,以达到最理想的菜籽生育酚含量或组分提供依据。研究方法:采用盆钵实验控制氮肥施量与流失的精准方法,五种基因型、二种氮肥种类、三档施量水平,三重复控制误差;尝试用气相色谱法检测菜籽生育酚含量的新方法。重要结论:尿素比硝酸氨更有利于菜籽总生育酚、阿尔法生育酚及伽马生育酚的有效形成;提高氮肥施量对于菜籽形成高含量的总生育酚与伽马生育酚非常有效,但对提高菜籽阿尔法生育酚含量的效果却不太明显。     

Forgeries of Fossils in “Amber”: History,Identification and Case Studies

The appeal of ancient fossilized tree resin, or amber, has made pieces with animal and plant inclusions particularly prized. Unfortunately, amber forgeries are more convincingly and routinely made than most other kinds of fossils, by embedding organisms in natural resins (e.g., copal) or synthetic resins (especially polyester) or by filling a carved niche in a natural piece of amber with resin and a modern inclusion. The confusion of organisms in copal (forged and natural) for ones in amber has a long history. Reviewed here are simple tests for discerning forgeries and natural inclusions in both substances. We discuss an old but sophisticated technique for crafting amber forgeries from authentic amber and present several new examples from old collections in two large museum collections. Also discussed is the widespread use of polyester resin forgeries in the Dominican Republic and Mexico.