Causal relationships of sport and exercise involvement with goal orientations, perceived competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education: a longitudinal study

Little information exists about the causal relationships of sport and exercise participation with goal orientations, perceived athletic competence and intrinsic motivation in physical education. A longitudinal study was conducted involving 882 Greek students who completed questionnaires on three occasions: 3 - 5 weeks into the academic year, 3 - 6 weeks before the end of the academic year, and 7 months later. The data were analysed using structural equation models, controlling for age. Task orientation and intrinsic motivation in physical education at the beginning of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later. Perceived athletic competence both at the beginning and end of the academic year predicted sport and exercise participation 7 and 14 months later, while ego orientation did not predict sport and exercise involvement at either time. Previous sport and exercise participation had positive effects on task orientation and perceived athletic competence 3 - 6 weeks before the end of the academic year and predicted all cognitive-affective constructs 7 months later. These results imply that the cultivation of task orientation, intrinsic motivation in physical education and perceived athletic competence will help to promote sport and exercise participation in adolescence.     

2007年NBA选秀终结篇：选秀碎碎念

詹姆斯第一次踏上总决赛的赛场就被马刺完全限制住了，16投仅4中，得14分。而反观马刺，“三叉戟”帕克拿下27分7次助攻，邓肯24分13个篮板，吉诺比利16分。马刺迎来开门红就不是什么新鲜事了。     

Science in the 19th-century zoo

The 19th century saw the advent of the modern zoological garden. The newly founded zoos not only claimed to educate and entertain their audiences, but also to serve science by providing direct access to exotic animals. However, reality did not live up to the promise of such rhetoric. The vast majority of biologists preferred to use dead bodies as the material for their morphological research. Nevertheless, there was still a strong interaction between the zoo and science. In the debate on Darwinism, the apes in the cage played a vital role.     

Influence of pre-exercise glucose ingestion of two concentrations on paraplegic athletes

In this study, we assessed the influence that pre-exercise glucose ingestion of two concentrations has on the physiological responses of paraplegic athletes. Eight men with paraplegia ingested a drink containing 4% (low) or 11% (high) carbohydrate in a randomized double-blind crossover design, 20 min before exercise. The participants performed wheelchair exercise at 65% of peak oxygen uptake for 1 h followed by a 20 min performance test. During both trials, the physiological responses were similar and indicated steady-state exercise. At the onset of exercise, blood glucose concentrations in both trials increased after carbohydrate ingestion (P < 0.05) before returning to resting values after 20 min of exercise and there were no differences between trials. Free fatty acid concentrations increased from rest to 1 h of exercise in both trials, with a greater increase during the low carbohydrate trial that led to a difference in free fatty acids between trials at the end of the 1 h tests (P < 0.05). There was a tendency for the performance distances and power outputs achieved during the high carbohydrate trial to be greater than those achieved during the low carbohydrate trial (P= 0.08). In conclusion, when paraplegic athletes ingested low and high carbohydrate drinks before exercise, the decline in blood glucose concentrations was similar. The tendency for higher blood glucose concentrations, respiratory exchange ratios and power outputs and lower free fatty acid concentrations (P < 0.05) during the high carbohydrate trial suggests that a higher concentration of carbohydrate in a sports drink might be a better choice for paraplegic athletes.     

上海市1957年中等学校学生数学競赛复赛高三试题解答

同高二第一题。献求方程。的正根,并征明只有一个正根。 解法一:(i)如劣~2,HlJ :12:一寸2十丫砰目命舀布瑟介寸砰扼不不青一“232是方程的正根。 (11)如劣>2。令劣=2+优。 (说>0) lllJ因(2+民)”一4十4《+叹”>4+叱>4 妒>2+劣>4劣>心2十劣>2 故2+二的平方根是大于2而小于劣,依同理可得: 、币)丫2十、承)“又丫奋不万或毛侧而两不蒸)2 解法二:因方程中右端的劣,可以右端的圣部式子代人,故与方程:二心公汤。实臀是完全一样的,因此就可解这个食典理方程, 扩二2十x得(x一2)(劣十1)一O x一2或x~一1 劣-一1不符合算衡根和本题正根的要求。 这一…     

Effects of multicycle-run training on triathlete performance

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of triathlon training using multiple, short cycle-run sequences (multicycle-run training) on cycle-run performance. Twelve competitive triathletes, randomized into two groups, underwent multicycle-run training or normal training for 6 weeks. During this period, baseline training remained the same for both groups, and only the high-intensity component differed. The differentiated exercises were performed at or above 100% maximal aerobic velocity. The improvements in overall cycle-run performance were similar (3.3 +/- 1.4 % and 6.1 +/- 1.7% rise in Performance in multicycle-run and normal training, respectively). However, the improvement in performance was significantly greater for the multicycle-run training (-11.2 +/- 6.8 s versus -1.2 +/- 7. 7 s for multicycle-run training and normal training, respectively) during both the cycle-run change and the first 333-m lap, which together are termed the cycle-run transition. We concluded that 6 weeks of multicycle-run training did not induce greater improvement in cycle-run performance than did normal training in competitive triathletes. However, it did induce significant improvement in the cycle-run transition. This finding indicates that multicycle-run training may help competitive triathletes to develop greater skill and better physiological adaptations during this critical transition period of the triathlon race.     

谁是老板?(英文)

正Pre-reading task1.How many reality television shows can you name?2.Which shows do you watch?Now read this review of the reality television show Supernanny.A Review of Supernanny I don’t usually like reality television shows but I’m completely hooked on the programme Supernanny.It’s an excellent show,which basically fi lms a family who are having problems dealing with their naughty children.     

美轮美奂的纸雕艺术

正不要以为只有中国才有剪纸文化,凭着丰富的想象力和灵巧的双手,来自海外的艺术家同样把纸艺术玩得出神入化,让蝉如薄翼的纸片还原那些宛如从童话中走出的场景。Everyday we encounter paper.It can be an easy thing to overlook.British artist Su Blackwell turns what can originally be something flat and banal into something gorgeous and defined.Often working with her favorite stories,Su transforms books into beautiful,incredibly