III. FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE STUDENT

This article constitutes Chapter I in the author's significant new book, “Church Education For Tomorrow,” published by Westminster Press on September 19, 1960, and is used here by permission of the author and publisher. The book is reviewed by Frank M. McKibben on pages 387‐388 of this issue.     

IV THE WIDER AND WISER USE OF THE CHURCH PLANT

The two gentlemen who prepared the debate which follows have been arguing back and forth for a considerable period of time. The one believes sincerely that unless religion is included in the child's total educational experience, he will suffer great loss. The other believes equally sincerely that religion should be taught, but not in relation to the public schools. The Editor invited each to present his point of view succinctly, and then to comment briefly on the other's paper. The discussion merits careful thought     

The relative benefits of learning by teaching and teaching expectancy

The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that learning is enhanced through the act of teaching others. Specifically, two experiments aimed to disentangle the relative effects of teaching expectancy (i.e., preparing to teach) and actually teaching (i.e., explaining to others for instructional purposes) on learning. Some participants studied a lesson on the Doppler Effect without the expectation of later teaching the material and then took a comprehension test on the material (control group). Other students studied the same lesson with instructions that they would later teach the material; of those expecting to teach, some participants actually taught the material by presenting a brief video-recorded lecture before being tested (teaching group), whereas others only prepared to teach before being tested (preparation group). Results of Experiment 1 indicated that both the preparation group and teaching group significantly outperformed the control group on an immediate comprehension test (Teaching vs. Control: d = 0.82; Preparation vs. Control: d = 0.59). However, when the same test was given following a one-week delay (Experiment 2), only the teaching group significantly outperformed the control group (Teaching vs. Control: d = 0.79; Preparation vs. Control: d = 0.24). Overall, these findings suggest that when students actually teach the content of a lesson, they develop a deeper and more persistent understanding of the material than from solely preparing to teach.     

法律上等位利益冲突的刑法评判

刑法上的等位利益冲突是在具体情形下予以评价的。包括作为义务冲突、不作为义务冲突及作为义务与不作为义务冲突三种情况。等位利益冲突在下述三种情况下是不违法的：（1）为了自己利益。不主动剥夺他人的机会,以此来提高自己的获救机会,同时行为人对他人并无特殊义务;（2）在不可能救助全部等位利益的情况下,救助了尽可能多的利益;（3）如果为了救助家庭成员而未考虑其他的救助义务,行为人为保全自己生命而转移危险,并且受威胁的家庭成员没有基于自由意思自找危险。     

Youth Perspectives on Parental Career Influence

The role of parents in youth career development is generally acknowledged though, often, perfunctorily. This inquiry examines youth perceptions of parental influence on their career development. We ask young men and women about specific career development attitudes and behaviors that bear on their relations with their parents. The sample consists of survey data from 362 high school juniors. The results confirm the trend of recent studies that report compatibility between parent and youth values, aspirations, and plans. Of all the people to whom youth can turn for help with making career plans, most look to their mothers. The findings apply across gender, to young men as well as young women; and they apply across race, to minority youth as well as majority-culture youth. The results underscore the importance of parents as allies and resources for career counselors in facilitating youth career development.