普通高校应重视终身体育教育

在普通高校体育教学中进行终身体育教育，必须转变思想观念，积极的推进普通高校体育教学改革，培养学生终身体育锻炼习惯，使其掌握锻炼的途径和方法，创造终身体育的良好氛围，以达到实现终身体育的目的。     

Muscle fatigue induced by exercise simulating the work rate of competitive soccer

Fatigue represents a reduction in the capability of muscle to generate force. The aim of the present study was to establish the effects of exercise that simulates the work rate of competitive soccer players on the strength of the knee extensors and knee flexors. Thirteen amateur soccer players (age 23.3+/-3.9 years, height 1.78+/-0.05 m, body mass 74.8+/-3.6 kg; mean+/-s) were tested during the 2000-2001 soccer season. Muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings was measured on an isokinetic dynamometer. A 90 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol, incorporating a 15 min half-time intermission, was developed to provide fatiguing exercise corresponding in work rate to a game of soccer. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorized treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (e.g. walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Muscle strength was assessed before exercise, at half-time and immediately after exercise. A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed significant reductions (P < 0.001) in peak torque for both the quadriceps and hamstrings at all angular velocities (concentric: 1.05, 2.09, 5.23 rad x s(-1); eccentric: 2.09 rad x s(-1)). The peak torque of the knee extensors (KE) and knee flexors (KF) was greater before exercise [KE: 232+/-37, 182+/-34, 129+/-27, 219+/-41 N x m at 1.05, 2.09 and 5.23 rad x s(-1) (concentric) and 2.09 rad x s(-1) (eccentric), respectively; KF: 126+/-20, 112+/-19, 101+/-16, 137+/-23 N x m] than at half-time (KE: 209+/-45, 177+/-35, 125+/-36, 214+/-43 N x m; KF: 114+/-31, 102+/-20, 92+/-15, 125+/-25 N x m) and greater at half-time than after exercise (KE: 196+/-43, 167+/-35, 118+/-24, 204+/-43 N x m; KF: 104+/-25, 95+/-21, 87+/-13, 114+/-27 N x m). For the hamstrings:quadriceps ratio, significant changes were found (P < 0.05) for both legs, the ratio being greater before than after exercise. For fast:slow speed and left:right ratios, no significant changes were found. We conclude that there is a progressive reduction in muscle strength that applies across a range of functional characteristics during exercise that mimics the work rate in soccer.     

健美操运动中造型美、节奏美、气质美的艺术特征

阐述了健美操运动中优美动作之造型美，节拍鲜明之节奏美，内外合一之气质美的艺术特征。健美操运动中造型美的艺术特征是主体创造性、生动可视性和形象具体性；节奏美的艺术特征是主体的创造性、创造的动态性、时间的片断性、动作的对称性、节拍的变化性；气质美的艺术特征是主体的自然性和社会性。     

论高校体育教学中学生创新思维能力的培养

通过树立现代体育教学观念、优化体育课堂教学、优选体育教学法等几个方面论述了学生创新思维能力的培养。     

大学体育课程教学模式设计与动作探讨

本丈参照2002年教育部新颁布的《全国普通高等学校体育课程教学指导纲要》，针对目前高校体育发展的现状，围绕“生活体育、体育生活”这一思路，就体育如何真正走入大学生生活及高校体育与社会体育接轨等问题提出新的操作思路，设计了“一年级选项课 二年级课外教学俱乐部 高年级选修课 全方位体育俱乐部”这一模式。旨在为全国大多数尚未启动或即将启动的高校体育课程教学改革提供借鉴和参考。     

中学篮球教学中投篮技术教法的实验研究

以中学篮球教学中投篮技术的教法为研究内容，对所采用的讲解、动作示范与挂图和辅助练习等相结合的“想、看、练”教法进行了实验研究，其研究结果表明，该教学方法在提高学生学习的积极性和投篮的命中率等方面均有一定促进作用。     

Comparison of physiological responses to morning and evening submaximal running

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of time of day on physiological responses to running at the speed at the lactate threshold. After determination of the lactate threshold, using a standard incremental protocol, nine male runners (age 26.3 - 5.7 years, height 1.77 - 0.07 m, mass 73.1 - 6.5 kg, lactate threshold speed 13.6 - 1.6 km· h -1 ; mean - s ) completed a standardized 30 min run at lactate threshold speed, twice within 24 h (07:00- 09:00 h and 18:00-21:00 h). Core body temperature, heart rate, minute ventilation, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide expired, respiratory exchange ratio and capillary blood lactate were measured at rest, after a warm-up and at 10, 20 and 30 min during the run. In addition, the rating of perceived exertion was reported every 10 min during the run. Significant diurnal variation was observed only for body temperature (36.9 - 0.9°C vs 37.3 - 0.3°C) and respiratory exchange ratio at rest (0.86 - 0.01 vs 0.89 - 0.07) ( P ? 0.05). Diurnal variation persisted for body temperature throughout the warm-up (37.1 - 0.2°C vs 37.5 - 0.3°C) and during exercise (36.2 - 0.6°C vs 38.6 - 0.4°C), but only during the warm-up for the respiratory exchange ratio (0.85 - 0.05 vs 0.87 - 0.02) ( P ? 0.05). The rating of perceived exertion was significantly elevated during the morning trial (12.7 - 0.9 vs 11.9 - 1.2) ( P ? 0.05). These findings suggest that, despite the diurnal variation in body temperature, other physiological responses to running at lactate threshold speed are largely unaffected. However, a longer warm-up may be required in morning trials because of a slower increase in body temperature, which could have an impact on ventilation responses and ratings of perceived exertion.     

Assessment and prediction of success in first year physics at an Australian university

A method of assessment, involving six one-hour tests, with provision to repeat four of them, has been used with favourable student and staff reaction in first year, two semester undergraduate physics courses. The style of question and marking criteria used previously in a conventional examination are retained.The relationship between performance in Physics I, high school background and mark in the first physics test, held in the fifth week of the university course. are investigated through a series of regression analyses. An attempt is made to arrive at an appropriate entry criterion for admission to Physics I.     

Using student perceptions to compare actual and preferred classroom environment in Queensland schools

Students’ perceptions of actual and preferred classroom environment were investigated using the What is happening in this class? questionnaire (WIHIC). The WIHIC assesses seven classroom environment dimensions: student cohesiveness, teacher support, involvement, task orientation, investigation, cooperation and equity. A sample of 978 secondary school students from 63 classes in Queensland responded to the WIHIC. For each item on the WIHIC, students recorded their perceptions of the actual (or real) and preferred (or ideal) classroom environment. Results revealed that statistically significant differences between actual and preferred environments, and that the gap between actual and preferred environment was smaller for more positive classroom environments.     

Rapid phenotypic evolution with shallow genomic differentiation during early stages of high elevation adaptation in Eurasian Tree Sparrows

Known as the ‘third polar region’, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau represents one of the harshest highland environments in the world and yet a number of organisms thrive there. Previous studies of birds, animals and humans have focused on well-differentiated populations in later stages of phenotypic divergence. The adaptive processes during the initial phase of highland adaptation remain poorly understood. We studied a human commensal, the Eurasian Tree Sparrow, which has followed human agriculture to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Despite strong phenotypic differentiation at multiple levels, in particular in muscle-related phenotypes, highland and lowland populations show shallow genomic divergence and the colonization event occurred within the past few thousand years. In a one-month acclimation experiment investigating phenotypic plasticity, we exposed adult lowland tree sparrows to a hypoxic environment and did not observe muscle changes. Through population genetic analyses, we identified a signature of polygenic adaptation, whereby shifts in allele frequencies are spread across multiple loci, many of which are associated with muscle-related processes. Our results reveal a case of positive selection in which polygenic adaptation appears to drive rapid phenotypic evolution, shedding light on early stages of adaptive evolution to a novel environment.