Cardiorespiratory Adaptations to Training at Specified Frequencies

Abstract

Twenty young male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of four training groups or a control group in a study of the effect of various training frequencies on cardiorespiratory endurance. Training consisted of treadmill running at a rate of seven miles per hour for a ten-minute period. As each subject completed a ten-minute run the grade was increased one percent for the next training period. The group trained for one, two, three or five days per week for five weeks. Improvement was measured by pre- and post-administration of the Balke treadmill test, the Åstrand-Ryhming (A-R) test of physical fitness, the Taylor, Buskirk and Henschel test of maximal oxygen intake, and by maintaining a record of the number of training sessions completed. While the Balke test indicated significantly greater improvement for those in the five-day group, the other methods of measurement favored either the two- or three-day groups. Pre-training correlations among the three tests indicated that the A-R test was significantly related to the Balke and oxygen intake tests but that the latter tests were not related.     

Liberation and containment: re-visualising the eugenic and evolutionary ideal of the "Fizkul'turnitsa" in 1944

In July 1944 cross-country races and parades of physical culturists were prominently used to celebrate Soviet liberation from German occupation. While journalistic accounts stressed the manly health and vigour of the victorious Red Army, press photographs in Pravda and Red Sport, and Aleksandr Deneika's monumental painting 'Liberation', emphasised images of the young female physical culturist. This essay explores what a contextualised analysis of these images may have to tell historians about the connections between women, physical culture and liberation being projected. The argument suggests that, on one level, the images straightforwardly symbolised and celebrated the liberation of the Soviet 'Motherland'. On another, more complex level, the images represented a particularly nuanced notion of constricted liberation for Soviet women deriving from 1920s eugenic and evolutionary discourse, inscribed into the contemporary imperative for engagement with physical culture as a necessary stage of healthful body discipline on the path to hygienic and successful motherhood.     

Book reviews

The task of social scientists is to find ways of investigating and understanding the social, political and economic world, in order to offer insights into everyday and public life in the past, present and future. Bourdieu’s tool kit offers a particular way of theorizing the rules, narratives and self‐held truths of social phenomena and of educational policy as a specific object of analysis. In this article I develop a series of propositions about the ways in which field theory might be applied to explain the abrupt public policy shift effected by the Thatcher government and the adjustments made to it by the Blair government. I suggest that a Bourdieuian approach shows policy working as a means of codification, as a doxa of misrecognition and as currency exchange within and across fields. I conclude with some thoughts about the difficulties of explicating interactions between fields.     

Answering back to policy? Headteachers’ stress and the logic of the sympathetic interview

Headteacher workloads are often in the news. Long hours, punitive audit regimes and excessive amounts of paperwork take their toll on many, including John Illingworth, former National Union of Teachers (UK) President, and ex primary headteacher. In this paper, I investigate a UK BBC Radio 4 human interest interview conducted with Illingworth by the usually acerbic John Humphrys. Mobilising Bourdieu’s notion of field, I examine the interview and argue that the analysis suggests that the media game of market share and the doxa of the fourth estate might work to delimit the capacity of such interviews to speak truth to policy power.     

TRAINING AND EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES,EFFICACY, AND WORRY AMONG VOLUNTEER OMBUDSMEN IN NURSING FACILITIES

Training and educational activities for volunteers are thought to benefit both the volunteers and the organizations they serve. Questionnaire data from 754 volunteer ombudsmen in nursing facilities ( M = 69 years of age) were used to test hypotheses about relationships between initial and in-service training, assessment of initial training, preferences for eight specific training and educational activities, demographic characteristics, efficacy, and worry about performing ombudsman tasks. A positive assessment of early training, rather than actual training, contributed directly to greater efficacy and less worry. In-service training enhanced efficacy. Most preferences for training and educational activities were not associated with well-being, but when they were, expressed needs were related to less efficacy and more worry. From the practice standpoint, one focus should be on factors that increase feelings of efficacy, a powerful resource for well-being of volunteers and ultimately for those whom they serve.     

Writing for Publication and the Role of the Library: “Do Have a Cow,Man!” (“Don't Have a Cow,Man”-Bart Simpson)

The aim of this small-scale research project was to identify the main concerns of editors, academics, researchers, and librarians involved in the writing for publication (WfP) process. This would provide library and information services (LIS) staff with a clearer understanding of the process to enable them to articulate and develop their own role in supporting this activity. A novel “one thing” approach was used to determine the perspectives of editors, researchers, librarians, and research students on key issues surrounding WfP. The results indicate that there are many opportunities for LIS staff to contribute to the WfP process. One major concern which emerged was just how isolated researchers could feel. Suggestion: Having a CoW (Community of Writers) in the library could provide a potential LIS role. Another best practice to support WfP is also identified.     

The School Placement of Pupils with Down's Syndrome in England and Wales

Data on the placements of over 3,000 children with Down's syndrome (born between 1980 and 1992) were collected from 94 areas around the country, over the 12 year period studied. Analysis showed an increase in the proportion of children attending mainstream schools, with wide local variations. Very small numbers of children had mixed placements (part-time mainstream/special school) and placements in specially resourced units. Changes in school type occurred from mainstream to special school, typically at around 8 or 9 and again at 11 to 12 years. There was a disproportionate number of boys with Down's syndrome in special schools, apparently because more boys than girls entered special schools at 5 or 6 years old.     

What's the Use of Use? : Return on Investment Strategies for Consortial DDA Programs

Column Editor's Note. This column focuses on formal collaboration and networking among libraries through consortia. It offers in-depth examinations of issues facing modern library consortia including (but not limited to) e-resource licensing, ebooks, next generation integrated library systems, shared print archiving, shared digital repositories, governance and other relevant topics. Contributions are accepted for this column and must be submitted to George Machovec (george@coalliance.org). Contact the column editor for suggested topics, deadlines and formatting.

ConnectNY has been involved in consortial e-book projects since 2010. Based upon the experience of these group e-book projects, we will explore different methods for assuming the shared cost of group e-book programs and then describe ways in which DDA programs may promote a positive Return on Investment (ROI) for groups as compared to individual institutions. We will argue that while use is a factor that can be taken into account when distributing cost amongst members, a budget-based percentage approach will allow consortia to effectively initiate and manage such projects over time.