关于美国、欧洲和中国的多囊卵巢综合征临床指南或共识的比较分析（英文）

通过比较欧洲人类生殖和胚胎学会和美国生殖医学协会联合发表的鹿特丹共识、中国的多囊卵巢综合征诊治标准专家共识和美国内分泌学会的临床实践指南,分析了不同指南对育龄期、青春期和围绝经期多囊卵巢综合症诊断标准的差异,概括了多囊卵巢综合征临床治疗的主要方面,同时提出了一些诊治方面的新进展及今后需要进一步关注的问题。在多囊卵巢综合征的诊断上,对育龄期女性的标准三大指南略有不同,而对青春期和围绝经期女性的标准尚待完善。多囊卵巢综合征的治疗主要围绕肥胖、月经失调、高雄激素血症、胰岛素抵抗、不孕、青春期、心理干预等来进行,各大指南各有侧重。由于不同种族的多囊卵巢综合征的临床表现差异较大,需要尽早建立具有种族特异性的指南来改善诊疗过度或不足的情况。     

Risk and Protective Factors for Frequent Electronic Device Use of Online Technologies

A sample of 10,460 U.S. elementary schoolchildren was analyzed to identify early predictors of frequent use of online technologies (i.e., messaging, online gaming, and social networking). Children (M_age = 67.44 months) at greater risk displayed more externalizing problem behaviors in kindergarten (messaging OR = 1.11; online gaming OR = 1.21; social networking OR = 1.12) or were Black (messaging OR = 1.65; online gaming OR = 1.64; social networking OR = 1.68). Children from higher-income families were at lower risk (online gaming OR = 0.89; social networking OR = 0.89). Boys were more frequent users of online gaming (OR = 3.35) but less frequent users of messaging (OR = 0.62) and social networking (OR = 0.80). Protective factors included specific parenting behaviors.     

Multiple audience rating form strategies for student evaluation of college teaching

Michael Scriven has suggested that student rating forms, for the purpose of evaluating college teaching, be designed for multiple audiences (instructor, administrator, student), and with a single global item for summative functions (determination of merit, retention, or promotion). This study reviewed approaches to rating form construction, e.g., factor analytic strategies of Marsh, and recommended the multiple audience design of Scriven. An empirical test of the representativeness of the single global item was reported from an analysis of 1,378 forms collected in a university department of education. The global item correlated most satisfactorily with other items, a computed total of items, items that represented underlying factors, and various triplets of items selected to represent all possible combinations of items. It was concluded that a multiple audience rating form showed distinct advantages in design and that the single global item most fairly and highly represented the overall teaching performance, as judged by students, for decisions about retention, promotion, and merit made by administrators.     

An alternative method of answering and scoring multiple choice tests

A simple modification to the method of answering and scoring multiple choice tests allows students to indicate their estimates of the probability of the correctness of the multiple choice options for each question, without affecting the validity of the assessment. A study was conducted using a test that investigated common misconceptions in mechanics. The study showed that for assessment purposes this method gives results that are very similar to results obtained by students who answer in the traditional manner. Year 12 Physics students (N=85) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: one received a standard format multiple choice test, the other a test format allowing students to select more than one response in a multiple choice test, and to distribute their marks among their chosen optionsl An analysis of the students' uncertainties is used to argue that not only can students appeal to different conceptions in different contexts, but that they can also hold conflicting conceptions with respect to a single context.     

Two Related Crises

Abstract

We describe the organization and outcomes of faculty communities of practice over four semesters in which participants learned about research-based instructional strategies. In each semester, a community of 10 to 22 participants met for six to eight one-hour sessions, read a common book on teaching and learning, observed each other's class sessions, and prepared a final report on what they had learned. We found that the peer observations inspired the participants to adopt new instructional strategies. This paper includes recommendations for designing faculty professional development experiences with an intentional focus on creating value for the participants.     

The Community of Workers' University: A Pragmatic Institution for the Future?

The identity of the worker foregrounds the development of higher education rather than the other way around. It is developed in contrast to the lack of higher education innovation in the recent UK Government White Paper on Higher Education and in the educational philosophy of Tawney and the neo‐pragmaticism of Rorty. The proposal is that higher learning, after capabilities have been nurtured in compulsory schooling, may be developed through communities of workers acting as agent for improvement of their communities; not in universities at all. This is a radical approach to higher education and employment and one that might bring true diversity to the higher education sector.     

Making a Beginning in Adult Education

Teachers’ classroom management practices are rooted in assumptions based on their experiences and perceptions. At times, these assumptions are only partially informed, and serve to limit action and perceived responsibility. In this article, five common “half-truths” that guide classroom management are discussed. For each, the basic premise is identified, along with the important relevant details, which are often overlooked. It is suggested that a more complete picture of each of these assumptions may reveal many management situations to be much more dynamic, with more options for action available.