The Appliance of Code Switching in the SM Language

Code-switching, a natural phenomenon that consists of alternating two or more languages in bilinguals ’discourse, has traditionally been examined in its oral production. For over three decades, much at...     

夏季消暑与近代社会生活——以1843—1937年上海为例

防暑降温是人们对自然环境做出的本能反应,也是夏季日常生活的重要组成部分。以开埠前人们夏季防暑降温生活为对照,通过对近代上海市民夏季生活中防暑降温行为的分析和考察发现,近代上海社会生活变迁引起了人们夏季防暑降温在服饰、饮食、居家、户外活动、物用及时间安排等方面的变化,并呈现出社会化、大众化、多样性和时代性的特点,进而揭示近代社会从传统走向现代的历史发展过程。     

Comparing the magnitude and direction of asymmetry during the squat,countermovement and drop jump tests in elite youth female soccer players

ABSTRACT

The aims of the present study were to provide an in-depth comparison of inter-limb asymmetry and determine how consistently asymmetry favours the same limb during different vertical jump tests. Eighteen elite female under-17 soccer players conducted unilateral squat jumps (SJ), countermovement jumps (CMJ) and drop jumps (DJ) on a portable force platform, with jump height, peak force, concentric impulse and peak power as common metrics across tests. For the magnitude of asymmetry, concentric impulse was significantly greater during the SJ test compared to CMJ (p = 0.019) and DJ (p = 0.003). No other significant differences in magnitude were present. For the direction of asymmetry, Kappa coefficients revealed fair to substantial levels of agreement between the SJ and CMJ (Kappa = 0.35 to 0.61) tests, but only slight to fair levels of agreement between the SJ and DJ (Kappa = ?0.26 to 0.18) and CMJ and DJ (Kappa = ?0.13 to 0.26) tests. These results highlight that the mean asymmetry value may be a poor indicator of true variability of between-limb differences in healthy athletes. The direction of asymmetry may provide a useful monitoring tool for practitioners in healthy athletes, when no obvious between-limb deficit exists.