Roberto Francisco Prádez. Spain's first deaf teacher of the deaf.

This article examines developments surrounding the establishment of the school for the deaf in Madrid in the 19th century and the role played by Roberto Prádez, Spain's first deaf teacher of the deaf, during the school's first three decades of existence. Although he has been neglected historically, Prádez is a founding father of deaf education, a heroic figure who contributed crucially to the establishment and operation of Spain's first state-sponsored school. This study underscores the need to reexamine the historical record to recover Spanish deaf history.     

WHAT SIZE SAMPLES FOR METHODS/MATERIALS EXPERIMENTS?

Careful planning of educational experiments includes decisions about the sample size to be used. This paper provides a guide to the minimum size of treatment groups, inferred from the relationships between pupil norms and norms for class averages of standardized achievement tests. With "highly effective" treatments and simple random assignment of subjects to conditions, 60 to 85 subjects is derived as the minimum number per group. With "moderately effective" treatments, the minimum number is 235 or more. Use of stratified samples reduces the minimum by fifteen to forty percent.