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121.
122.
In two experiments, rats received preexposure consisting of six intraperitoneal injections of lithium chloride (LiCl). This
treatment reduced the magnitude of the unconditioned response (UR; suppressed consumption of a novel flavor) evoked by an
additional injection (Experiment 1) or by oral consumption (Experiment 2) of LiCl. In both experiments, preexposure also attenuated
the acquisition of a conditioned aversion with an LiCl injection as the unconditioned stimulus (US) but had no effect on the
aversion produced when the US was oral consumption of LiCl (Experiment 2). These results are consistent with the view that
the reduced ability of the preexposed US to serve as a reinforcer depends on blocking by injection-related cues and is independent
of habituation of the UR recorded in the present study. Possible interpretations of this dissociation are discussed. 相似文献
123.
Pete Sorensen Len Newton Sue McCarthy 《Research in Science & Technological Education》2013,31(1):29-47
This paper reports on part of an ongoing research project in England concerning the Nature of Science (NOS). The particular focus is on the initial thinking of the graduate scientists starting a one-year, Postgraduate Certificate of Education (PGCE) course and the way the course approaches adopted influence their views and understanding of NOS and their teaching. The research is set against a wealth of literature indicating that teachers find it difficult to teach curricula that emphasise NOS. Thus a key impetus for research in this area has been to look for ways that beginning teachers might be better prepared to face such challenges. Sample The paper draws on data from three cohorts of secondary PGCE students in a university–schools partnership, involving a total of 169 students. Design and method The research lies within a design research tradition. It has used mixed methods, involving written tasks, interviews and focus groups, with an iterative approach where the outcomes from one cohort have been used to inform course developments in successive years. Results The results from these cohorts suggest that, while the students starting the course have a less restricted view of NOS than indicated by some other studies, in most cases there is a lack of breadth and depth to their understanding. There is some evidence that the use of specific tasks focusing on NOS in university-based sessions may be helping to develop and deepen understanding. However, the impact of current approaches remains fairly limited and attempts to develop teaching practices often face considerable barriers in the school-based practicum. Conclusions Graduate science students’ understanding of NOS as they embark on the PGCE is not highly developed. Hence, the emphasis on aspects of NOS in the school curriculum presents a considerable challenge. This study suggests that there is a need to both further develop an explicit focus on NOS in university-based sessions and to develop closer relationships between schools and university faculty in seeking to support developments in classroom practice in this difficult area. 相似文献
124.
125.
Peer mentoring programs are an important component in the strategy to enhance the first year undergraduate experience. The
operation of these programs needs to be informed by evidence as to their effectiveness. In this article we report on a six-year
study of the development of a peer mentoring program in which feedback is used to improve program implementation. Evidence
from surveys of participants in the program shows that this process has significantly enhanced their experiences and that
the effects of these benefits have increased throughout the life of the program. Moreover, participation in the program enhanced
the leadership, communication, and organizational skills of the peer mentors. 相似文献
126.
Richard Churches Eleanor J. Dommett Ian M. Devonshire Robin Hall Steve Higgins Astrid Korin 《Mind, Brain, and Education》2020,14(3):292-302
We initiated and structured a single program that supervised teachers, some with neuroscience or psychology degrees, to collaborate and explore the effects of science of learning‐translated pedagogy. This article reports on the 34 findings from teacher‐led randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and replications. Teachers designed trials, looking at areas such as attention, memory, and spaced learning. Overall, positive effects were found over short periods (1–6 weeks; r = 0.15, p < .0001 [d = 0.30], N = 2,157). However, retrieval practice (testing as a learning experience) had differential effects mediated by age, approach, and lesson content. Results suggest science of learning‐translated pedagogy needs extensive replication to establish how best to use laboratory evidence in classrooms. Multiple planned replication of teacher‐led RCTs has potential as an evaluation tool, combining high levels of mundane realism with strong internal validity and the potential to build cost effective large samples for meta‐analysis. 相似文献
127.
128.
Krista M. Malott K. Hridaya Hall Angela Sheely‐Moore Megan M. Krell LeeAnn Cardaciotto 《Counselor Education & Supervision》2014,53(4):294-305
The authors examined best practices in university‐level teaching, as premised on the evidence‐based teaching (EBT) literature found in fields external to counselor education. Findings were reported in relation to 3 areas: developing an effective learning environment, structuring intentional learning experiences, and assessing teaching effectiveness. Implications regarding the training of doctoral‐level counselor educators using EBT practices are discussed. 相似文献
129.
In Experiment 1, rats were trained to leverpress on a variable ratio (VR) 30 schedule with a 500-msec delay between the reinforced response and food delivery. Subjects that experienced a signal during the delay responded faster than did control subjects that received the stimulus un-correlated with reinforcement. Higher response rates were obtained when the stimulus used to signal reinforcement was auditory rather than visual. Experiments 2 and 3 compared the effects of signaling reinforcement with either a localized or a diffuse light on responding maintained by VR schedules of reinforcement. Elevated response rates were observed with the diffuse stimulus, but the localized stimulus failed to produce such potentiation. Experiment 3 also examined the conditioned reinforcing power of localized and diffuse visual stimuli. These results are discussed with reference to (1) theories of selective association and sign tracking and (2) their implications for current theories of signaling reinforcement. 相似文献
130.
William M. Hall 《Journal of The Franklin Institute》1938,225(2):197-218