Eine Erweiterung der Unified Modeling Language zur Verfolgung von Software-Anforderungen in sicherheitskritischen Systemen

Zusammenfassung.   Softwareentwicklungsprozesse auf Basis von Phasenmodellen verlangen eine Ermittlung der Anforderungen zu Beginn der Entwicklung. Die Anforderungen bilden die Basis für die nachfolgenden T?tigkeiten in der Entwicklung. Daher sind die Verfolgbarkeit der Anforderungen durch die Softwareentwicklung und die überprüfung der korrekten Realisierung der Anforderungen wichtig. Dies gilt insbesondere in sicherheitskritischen Anwendungsbereichen. Einerseits ist die Unified Modeling Language (UML) zur Zeit der Standard im Bereich der objektorientierten Software-Modellierung. Andererseits weist die UML Defizite in Bezug auf die Verfolgbarkeit von Anforderungen auf. Im Folgenden werden mehrere L?sungsm?glichkeiten zur Behebung dieses Problems diskutiert. Die Erweiterung des UML-Meta-Modells um eine Meta-Klasse Requirement wird im Detail vorgestellt. Eingegangen am 22. Februar 2002 / Angenommen am 8. Mai 2002     

2008年开放存取（Open Access）年度进展

2008年开放存取（Open Access,简称OA）有了很大的发展,文章试图向读者做一个全面的介绍,但又不得不承认一篇文章是不可能完成的。我将会分9个章节选出一些实例,有些我以前提到的细节会被略过,比如开放教育,公共信息（PSJ）和维基等,一如往常,对没有提及的OA项目表示歉意。     

The material histories of food quality and composition

This article argues for material histories of food. In recent decades food historians have tended to emphasize the cultural factors in consumption, in addition to the already well-established social, political and economic perspectives, but what is still missing is the stuff in foodstuffs. With reference in particular to milk and wine, the suggestion here is that physical and chemical composition is a major influence in what we might call the biographies of particular items of food and drink. Product characteristics are rarely static for long and today's mass-produced bread is different from that of the past, but then so are the flour, the yeast, and the even the butter that is spread on it. Adulteration was a particularly interesting aspect of composition in the nineteenth century and was the key to the emergence of two different traditions of understanding and valuing food quality.     

The Gangstas in Our Midst

While conducting this ethnography on 50 male African-American gang members, I sought to create a picture of the culture in which these young men existed. Over a two-year period, I observed and interviewed members from such groups as the Bloods, the Crips, and the Blackstone Rangers in order to uncover the values, language, and rituals that defined membership in a gang, as well as the reasons why these males joined these groups in the first place. For the majority of these males, an education was not something that they thought would help them survive in their neighborhoods. One unexpected element that emerged during this project centered on the factors that helped 11 of these gang members begin the process of escaping gang life. What they received from their families, teachers, and peers to help them succeed mirrored the same factors that were often missing in the lives of the other 39 informants.     

Patterns of perceptual deficits in academically deficient juvenile delinquents

Patterns of perceptual deficits were investigated in a population of academically deficient juvenile delinquents. Comparisons were made with a group of youthful offenders with adequate academic skills. Auditory perceptual deficits appeared to be a more significant factor in accounting for the severe academic deficiencies observed in the delinquent subjects than did visual-perceptual deficits. However, multiple perceptual deficits involving both auditory and visual perceptual skills formed the basis of the majority of academic deficiencies and social maladaptation. The results indicate the potential ill effects of an undiagnosed and untreated learning disability on subsequent emotional development. Prevention of delinquency may begin with the preschool child who is at high-risk for developing behavioral problems in later years.