sum from n=1 to n(i~ma~i)的解析求和公式

给出当m为正整数时的解析求和公式并提出了L三角形的非线性数字邻居关系,较好地揭示了其系数关系．     

Establishing open and critical discourses in the science classroom: Reflecting on initial difficulties

This paper presents a reflective account of a science teacher’s endeavours to use the referent of critical constructivism to transform her pedagogical practices. The context of her action research was a Year 10 Bioethics unit taught at an independent girls’ school in Perth, Western Australia. Students were provided with opportunities to engage in open and critical discourses; many did, but a few were unwilling to participate in accordance with the teacher’s intentions. We illustrate the disruptive influence of these “dissident” students and explore the reasons for their unwillingness to suspend their disbelief in a new way of knowing (and of being) that involves a radical change in the role of language in the classroom. We conclude with recommendations for epistemological pluralism and the careful use of critical discourse for re-negotiating teaching and learning roles and creating conditions for open discourse to flourish.     

School achievement and adolescents’ interactions with their fathers, mothers, and friends

This article explores effects of parents’ and friends’ behaviour in verbal interactions with adolescents concerning adolescents’ school achievement. The behaviour of adolescents’ partners was observed in interactions elicited by a plan-something-together task at first measurement of a two-year longitudinal investigation. Grades in school and perceived school success at measurement points 1, 2, and 3 were included to capture adolescents’ academic achievement. Cross-sectional correlations (n=32) and longitudinal partial correlations (n=24–26) served to analyse contemporaneous associations and directed effects across a one-and two-year time interval. Findings confirmed systematic influences of parents’ as well as friends’ behaviours on the objective and subjective measures of school achievement. Patterns of effects, however, partly depending on the type of partner in interactions. The differential effects are discussed with reference to structural differences between adolescents’ family and friendship relationships.     

Research on class size effects: a critique of methods and a way forward

Research findings on class size differences need to be examined carefully because of their far reaching pedagogical and resource implications. An examination of research on the possible causal effect of class size differences on pupil progress, and on possible mediating factors, also raises important issues for educational research in general. In this chapter critically different approaches to research on class size effects are reviewed and an approach used in current research at the Institute of Education, that seems most likely to inform this controversial topic is described. Researchers need to pay more attention to providing a more reliable and valid measure of class size itself. In keeping with the bulk of research in this area the emphasis is on quantitative approaches, although possible limitations and alternative research approaches are considered. Limitations of earlier cross sectional research are examined, and the well-known STAR research is used to highlight some limitations of experimental designs. Finally, the advantages of longitudinal research, using multi-level modelling techniques, are examined.     

Evaluation of INSET and Quality Assurance

This paper gives an overview of various approaches to evaluation of in-service education of teachers and elaborates on one in particular: evaluation for decision making. Finally, some general principles are discussed to help overcome the resistance to evaluation often observed in in-service courses.     

The Ecologisation of Schools and its Implications for Educational Policy

Ecologisation of Schools is a relatively new development within the international Environment and School Initatives (ENSI) Programme. In this paper three issues are discussed and exemplified by developments in Austria. The first deals with the meaning of ecologisation and with pedagogical, social/organisational and technical/economic quality criteria. Innovation strategies to achieve full coverage in the school system are the focus of the second section, and some organisational and legal conditions to support ecologisation initiatives are elaborated in the final section.     

公共图书馆发展信息咨询服务业之刍见

文章阐述了公共图书馆开展信息咨询服务的优势,探讨了开展信息咨询服务业的几种途径.在当今社会经济活动中,人们对信息咨询服务要求越来越迫切的情况下,公共图书馆对开展信息咨询服务有义不容辞的责任.     

French international booksellers, suppliers to libraries, à la fin du vingtième siècle

This article is a 1998 field report from Paris on the major French international booksellers who supply libraries throughout the world, in particular the firms of Aux Amateurs de Livres, Library Service Association, and Jean Touzot. Data were gathered by means of interviews, a questionnaire, and direct observation. The article describes the histories of the firms and their $10 million market, organization, services, operations, and outlook.     

关于“Slowly Oscillating Solutions Of Differential Equations with Delays”一文的注记

本文将文[1]中的锥K加以修改,在更一般的条件下,证明了双时滞微分方程缓振动解的存在性。     

Parenting Teamwork: The Impact of a Fathering Intervention on Mothers and Infants in Vietnam

A multifaceted, relationally focused intervention involving group and individual pre- and postnatal counseling, print resources, and community resources encouraged 390 fathers of newborn infants in Vietnam to responsively support mothers and work with them as a parenting team. Both partners completed questionnaires prebirth and 1-, 4-, and 9-months postbirth on measures of breastfeeding support, exclusive breastfeeding duration, relationship quality, and infant development. Compared to 412 comparison group couples, intervention couples evidenced greater father support, especially in terms of helping and responsiveness to the mother's needs. This support predicted longer exclusive breastfeeding duration, improved relationship quality, and higher levels of infant development at 9 months. Sensitively working together with mothers as a coordinated team enhanced couple's relationship functioning and improved children's developmental outcomes.