Ethical issues of behavior modification research in schools

Behavior modification research in the classroom was examined by the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects because of the increasingly widespread use of behavioral procedures in the schools, the effectiveness of these procedures in changing academic and social behavior, and the consequent concern about potential misuse. In order to foster the responsible use of behavior modification procedures in the schools on a practical as well as a research basis, the following ethical issues being considered by researchers and the involved public are discussed: informed consent, determination of classroom goals, legitimacy of rewards and aversive controls in the classroom, conceptions of behavior modification as manipulative and mechanistic, who can implement the procedures, research design, and accountability. The authors conclude that the issues regarding protection of human subjects in behavior modification research are no different from other treatment-oriented research with children. However, the high degree of parental and teacher involvement in both research and practice requires shared responsibility for the prevention of misuse of behavior modification procedures.     

Recognition and reproduction of Bender-Gestalt figures: A developmental study of the lag between perception and performance

The performance of 132 pre- and primary school children on a Bender-Gestalt copying task was compared with that of a multiple choice version that was specially constructed by systematically varying four attributes of the stimulus figures. Significant correlation coefficients were obtained between the copying and recognition scores at all age levels except one. The multiple choice version was also as successful as the copying test in predicting reading achievement scores.     

How different are students of school psychology and clinical psychology?

Based on many years of training students in both school and clinical psychology, the authors have formulated some impressions of differences and similarities found in these trainees. While generalizations remain tentative and call for research, the students in each of these disciplines seem to present different patterns in cognitive styles, perceptions of clients, conceptions of professional role, and personality characteristics. In personality, the students in these fields often display differences in need for structure, need for external support, social maturity, and desire for autonomous professional functioning. Differences seem to be related to variations in previous work and educational experiences, and to differences in age, sex and marital status. Implications for quality of service offered and training needs are outlined.     

Conceptual impulsivity as a consideration in test interpretation

A discussion of the influences of impulsivity on test performance is presented, along with suggested procedures for ascertaining more accurately the cognitive abilities of impulsive children.     

Investigation of several techniques for reviewing audio-tutorial instruction

Should students receiving a review of previously learned material show better retention than nonreview students? Do students using audio-tutorial review retain more than students using only a study guide? Students at Highland Park Community College participated in a learning-retention experiment. Subjects were assigned randomly to one of four review groups: study guide only, summary audiotape; compressed-speech audiotape, and no review. Analysis of retention scores incorporated Bartlett’s statistic, ANOVAs, and Dunnett’st. A CTMM IQ test also was given the subjects.